Effect of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dimethylphenol on human erythrocytes

The effects of exposure of human erythrocytes to different concentrations of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and its metabolite—2,4-dimethylphenol (2,4-DMP) were studied. The investigations concerned mainly the content of glutathione (GSH and GSSG), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione transferase (GST), and the level of adenine energy charge (AEC). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide are produced during normal processes in the cell. Under normal conditions, antioxidant systems of the cell minimize damage caused by ROS. When ROS generation increases to an extent that it overcomes the cellular antioxidant systems, the result is oxidative stress. We observed that MCPA and 2,4-DMP decreased the level of GSH in erythrocytes in comparison with control. MCPA did not affect glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase activity, while 2,4-DMP increased their activity. 2,4-DMP decreased the level of ATP and increased the content of ADP and AMP, leading to the fall of the level of AEC. MCPA and 2,4-DMP transform hemoglobin into methemoglobin, thus preventing oxygen transport. Comparison of the toxicity of MCPA and 2,4-DMP revealed that the most prominent changes occurred in human erythrocytes incubated with 2,4-DMP.     

大穗黑麦草成熟种子愈伤组织诱导及分化的研究

以大穗黑麦草成熟种子为外植体 ,采用MS基本培养基 ,研究了不同浓度的 2 ,4-D和 6-BA及其组合对其愈伤组织诱导的影响 ,不同浓度的NAA和 6-BA组合对愈伤组织分化成苗的影响。结果表明 :不同浓度 2 ,4-D对大穗黑麦草愈伤组织诱导率差异显著 ,以 7mg/L效果最好 ,浓度过高 ,愈伤组织诱导率下降 ;在 0～ 1 .0mg/L范围内 ,6-BA浓度越高 ,愈伤组织诱导率越高 ,但长势渐差 ;2 ,4-D + 6-BA的不同配比浓度的愈伤组织诱导率存在差异 ,以MS + 7mg/L 2 ,4-D + 0mg/L 6-BA的组合为最优 ,产生的愈伤组织数量多、质量好 ;NAA+ 6-BA不同配比浓度的愈伤组织分化率存在一定差异 ,以MS +NAA 0 .5mg/L + 6-BA 1mg/L的愈伤组织分化率最高。初步建立了一个以大穗黑麦草成熟种子为外植体的愈伤组织诱导及分化体系     

几种植物生长调节剂对满天红梨采前落果的影响

此项试验旨在探讨防止满天红梨采前落果的有效途径。试验结果表明:采果前一个月对树冠喷施10～30mg/L的2,4-D、50～200mg/L的GA3和10～40mg/L的NAA对防止满天红梨采前落果均具有极显著作用。在不同浓度处理中,2,4-D和NAA均以20mg/L的处理效果最好,坐果率分别比对照提高了13.7个百分点和16.8个百分点,GA3以100mg/L的处理效果最好,坐果率比对照高14.8个百分点。     

2, 4-D浓度对胡萝卜悬浮细胞茄红素合成的影响

从茄红素含量，细胞总鲜重及茄红素总产量三方面，研究了培养基中，2，4－D浓度对胡萝卜悬浮培养细胞茄红素合成的影响。结果表明：2，4－D浓度在0．0－5．0mg/L，范围内，随着浓度升高单位鲜重细胞中茄红素含量增加，浓度为5.0mg/L时，含量最高，高于5.0mg/L时，茄红素含量急剧下降，2，4－D浓度在0.0-0.1mg/L范围内，浓度增加有利于细胞鲜重和茄红素总产量的提高，浓度高于0.1mg/L对两者都有抑制作用。     

Die beheer van Amaranthus spp. en die invloed daarvan op Digitaria eriantha gedurende die vestigingsjaar

The control of Amaranthus spp. and the influence thereof on Digitaria eriantha during the season of establishment. Chemical control of Amaranthus spp. in newly established Smuts finger grass (D. eriantha) was investigated. A mixture of 800 ml 2,4‐D Amine+1200 ml Atrazine per ha was applied. This treatment produced a total yield of 6,1 t/ha of which 4,6 t/ha (75,4%) consisted of Smuts finger grass. The rest were weeds. In the case of no chemical control total yield amounted to 4,5 t/ha dry matter of which only 0,7 t/ha (15,5%) was Smuts finger grass. Chemical control clearly had economic advantages.     

2,4-D对扁穗牛鞭草幼穗离体培养的影响

以雅安扁穗牛鞭草的幼穗为外植体,研究了2,4-D浓度和不同取材部位对愈伤组织诱导的影响以及继代培养时不同浓度的2,4-D对愈伤组织增殖、分化、生根的影响.结果表明:以幼穗下部为外植体接种在MS+2,4-D 7.0 mg/L培养基中,颗粒状愈伤组织的诱导率高达100.00％;MS+2,4-D 1.0 mg/L是幼穗愈伤组织较为适宜的继代增殖培养基,在该培养基上颗粒状胚性愈伤组织的出愈率为89.44％,愈伤组织的绿苗分化率和生根率都可达100％,平均绿芽点数和生根数等均极显著高于其他处理.     

植物生长调节剂2,4-D和GA3对微茫藻18A8(Micractinium sp.)生长和油脂积累的影响

实验室分离到1株含油量高并且生长迅速的微茫藻18A8(Micractinium sp.)藻株,将其培养在高碳培养基TAP上,研究了不同浓度的植物激素2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)和赤霉素(GA3)对其生物量和油脂积累的影响。结果表明：分别添加2,4-D(2 μmol/L)和GA3(1 μmol/L)对藻株的生长有明显的促进作用,其最大生物量比对照组分别增加75.26%和47.41%,但其油脂含量与对照组相比却有所降低,分别降低了23.49%和29.89%;而当增加2,4-D和GA3浓度为10和5 μmol/L时,对藻株的生长表现出明显的抑制作用,其最大生物量比对照组减少了72.83%和60.70%,但其油脂含量与对照组相比显著增加,分别增加149.45%和95.75%。同时,分别添加2,4-D(10 μmol/L)和GA3(5 μmol/L)的实验藻种的蛋白质和总糖含量较对照组有所降低,此外叶绿素含量和光合效率也降低。     

Reduction of (E)-2-nonenal and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal during sourdough fermentation

(E)-2-Nonenal and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal are key aroma compounds in wheat bread crumb. The fate of these unsaturated aldehydes in sourdoughs fermented with homo- and heterofermentative lactobacilli or baker's yeast was investigated, and the metabolic pathways in these microorganisms identified. Clear differences were observed between homofermentative lactobacilli, heterofermentative lactobacilli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Heterofermentative strains rapidly reduced the concentrations of these aldehydes in dough, whereas S. cerevisiae displayed a lower activity. Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis reduced the aldehydes to the corresponding unsaturated alcohols, whereas S. cerevisiae reduced both the aldehyde moiety and the double bond, resulting in the formation of the corresponding saturated alcohols. S. cerevisiae first reduced the aldehyde moiety and then the double bond. In L. sanfranciscensis, the reduction of aldehydes is coupled to the oxidation of NADH to NAD⁺, which enables this heterofermentative strain to produce additional ATP from glucose. L. sakei, a strain that produces only lactic acid during sourdough fermentation, did not metabolise the unsaturated aldehydes at all. Both L. sakei and S. cerevisiae appeared to enhance aldehyde formation during the first hours of dough fermentation, probably due to the hydrogen peroxide production by these two strains.     

复合外源活性物质对小白菜除草剂毒害的缓解效应

以小白菜(Brassica rapa chinensis)为材料,研究了复合外源活性物质对两种除草剂(草甘膦和2,4-D)药害的缓解效果.结果表明,草甘膦和2,4-D胁迫后,小白菜叶片分别出现黄斑或卷叶现象,产量也有不同程度降低;而施用复合外源活性物质后其药害症状得到不同程度缓解,且二者均以稀释800倍液处理(WY800)的效果最佳,谷胱甘肽含量和抗氧化酶活性也均有不同程度提高.该结果说明该复合外源活性物质可一定程度缓解草甘膦和2,4-D在小白菜上产生的药害.     

高效液相色谱法测定电子烟烟液中8种挥发性羰基化合物

[目的]建立同时测定电子烟烟液中甲醛、乙醛、丙酮、丙烯醛、丙醛、巴豆醛、2-丁酮和丁醛8种挥发性羰基化合物含量的高效液相色谱法。[方法]电子烟烟液经2,4-二硝基苯肼溶液衍生后,衍生物直接用HPLC测定。选用DIONEX Acclaim Explosive E2色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈和水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,通过紫外检测器检测烟液中羰基化合物。[结果]8种羰基化合物的DNPH衍生物在一定浓度范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,相关系数均达到0.999以上,3个加标水平的平均回收率在96.4%~101.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于3.26%,检出限(LOD)为0.009~0.035 mg/L。[结论]该方法前处理简单,灵敏度高,精密度及准确度好,适用于电子烟烟液中羰基化合物的检测。