Factors affecting thermally induced furan formation

Furan, a potential carcinogen, can be induced by heat from sugars, ascorbic acid, and fatty acids. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of pH, phosphate, temperature, and heating time on furan formation. Heat-induced furan formation from free sugars, ascorbic acid, and linoleic acid was profoundly affected by pH and the presence of phosphate. In general, the presence of phosphate increased furan formation in solutions of sugars and ascorbic acid. In a linoleic acid emulsion, phosphate increased the formation of furan at pH 6 but not at pH 3. When an ascorbic acid solution was heated, higher amounts of furan were produced at pH 3 than at pH 6 regardless of phosphate's presence. However, in linoleic acid emulsion, more furan was produced at pH 6 than at pH 3. The highest amount of furan was formed from the linoleic acid emulsion at pH 6. In fresh apple cider, a product with free sugars as the major components (besides water) and little fatty acids, ascorbic acid, or phosphate, small or very low amounts of furan was formed by heating at 90-120 degrees C for up to 10 min. The results indicated that free sugars may not lead to significant amounts of furan formation under conditions for pasteurization and sterilization. Importantly, this is the first report demonstrating that phosphate (in addition to pH) plays a significant role in thermally induced furan formation.     

Preprocess Method of PCB Line Detection

In the visual inspection systems of PCB line detection, a good preprocess effect of test image is the precondition of the system with fine performance, while the its speed is the determinant of the real-time inspection performance. This paper proposed a preprocess algorithms of PCB test image, which includes two parts-binarization and denoising. The experiment shows that the preprocess algorithm is able to obtain an effective threshold for the binarization of the defect image, eliminating the noise and enhancing the speed highly.     

Experimental Study on Seismic Behaviors of Transfer Floor from Inclined Column to Framed Short -leg Shear Wall

According to the pseudo static tests on two specimens of Transfer floor from inclined column to framed short-leg shear wall,which are subjected to the vertical loads and the horizontal cyclic loads,in this paper the stress distributions,final failure model of the specimens,paths of the load transfer and the mechanical behaviors of the transfer beam are studied in detail,the ductility and energy dissipation of the specimens are also specially studied.The results show that this kind of transfer structure can have good seismic behaviors.     

Analysis on Reinforced Concrete Flexural Members Using Deformation Condensation Method

Traditional nonlinear analysis of RC structures usually adopts nonlinear FEM based on continuum mechanics, and it is hard to reflect macroscopic deformation characteristic, such as local rotation in crack sections and plastic hinge of failure stage. From the perspective of physical model, a new deformation condensation method is developed. The analysis of RC flexural members in the 1-D elastic problem involve three stages based on the concept of deformation condensation. RC flexural members were divided into several elements according to average crack spacing to get numerical model consistent with the physical model with higher computational efficiency tests of RC flexural members reinforced with high strength rebars conducted by Institute of Prestressed Structures in Tongji University, were simulated and the simulation results agreed well with the experimental data indicating that this novel method is applicable.     

A Hypoplastic Macro-Element Model for Circular Shallow Foundations of Offshore Wind Turbines Under Combined Loading

The foundation for offshore wind turbines is subjected to vertical loading caused by structural weight and horizontal loading and moment due to wind- or wave-induced loading. Furthermore, it sustains torque from rotor blades. Based on the framework of hypoplasticity theory, the available general yield function and plastic potential function, a macro-element model for circular shallow foundations on sands under six-degree-of-freedom combined loading has been developed. In this model, to correctly reproduce the mechanical response of offshore foundations under cyclic loading, the concept of equivalent inter-granular strain is introduced into the relationship of generalized forces as well as its corresponding displacements. The performance of the proposed macro-element model is demonstrated by comparing the model predictions with available experimental data from a series of model tests.     

Stability study of the traveling wave ultrasonic motor LUO Ciyong，ZHANG Fan，DU Jinchao

This article focuses on the stability of ultrasonic motor based on its mathematical model. Subjected to the condition that the running speed is satisfied with the Laypunov equation,three different driven interval of ultrasonic motors are analyzed at first     

Identification of quantitative trait loci associated with resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pathotypes prevalent in South China

Bacterial blight(BB), which is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae(Xoo), is an important rice disease responsible for significant yield losses. In the rice-growing regions of South China where BB outbreaks are common, the resistance of cultivars with BB resistance genes Xa4 and Xa21 has been lost because of rapid changes in the Xoo population structure and virulence. In this study, 421 diverse rice accessions were evaluated regarding their resistance to two Xoo strains, namely GD1358(C5) and IV, which are prevalent pathotypes in South China and overcame the resistance of Xa4 and Xa21, respectively. Using the 4.8 mio filtered SNP dataset, we conducted a genome-wide association study, which identified 13 loci associated with BB resistance, including eight new quantitative trait loci(QTL) and five QTL harboring known BB resistance genes: Xa3/Xa26, xa5, Xa35(t), Xa36(t), Xa40, Xa43(t), and xa44(t). Intriguingly, a steep peak was detected on chromosomes 5 and 11. Six QTL including three new ones, were distributed on chromosome 11, whereas a new QTL q BB5.1 and a known QTL were detected on chromosome 5. Haplotype analyses indicated that the LOC;s05 g01610(Os PRAF2) gene within the q BB5.1 region, which encodes a PRAF protein, is associated with BB resistance. Furthermore, Os PRAF2 knockout lines generated using the CRISPR-Cpf1 system were significantly more resistant to Xoo strains than the wild-type plants. Our results provide researchers and breeders with useful information regarding QTL and gene resources,which may be relevant for developing new BB-resistant rice cultivars.     

Neumann Series Solution of Newmark Method and Its Convergence for Solving Dynamic Equations

The convergence of Newmark Neumann series method for solving dynamic equations is discussed.Conditions of convergence and the estimating expressions of approximate solution and error for the series solution are also given.     

X-ray Diffraction Analysis of the 25Cr2MoVA Steel After Rapid Ion Nitriding

The surface phase constituent of the 25Cr2MoVA steel has been analysed after conventional and rapid ion nitridings.The relation between the tempered temperature and the phase constituent has been investigated.