模拟干旱下毛竹叶片水势的动态变化

[目的]定量分析毛竹叶片凌晨水势随生长季节和竹龄的梯度变化趋势及其对截雨干旱的响应特征,阐明毛竹不同年龄个体水分供给关系的季节差异。[方法]通过人工截雨模拟干旱试验,采用PSYPRO水势测量系统动态监测毛竹叶片凌晨水势的变化。[结果](1)无论干旱与否,同一竹龄毛竹叶片凌晨水势在季节间差异较显著(P0.05),而在竹龄之间无显著差异。(2)同龄毛竹叶片凌晨水势随生长季节变化呈现峰值,且因竹龄而异。自然生长(对照)1年生和7年生毛竹叶片凌晨水势随季节变化呈现"单峰"趋势,以9月份最高;2年生至5年生个体叶片凌晨水势随季节变化为"双峰"趋势,分别在9月份和12月份出现峰值。截雨干旱后,1年生和2年生毛竹叶片凌晨水势呈"双峰型",3年生至5年生随季节变化呈"单峰型"。叶片凌晨水势与土壤水分状况随季节变化趋势具有一致性。(3)截雨干旱与自然生长下毛竹叶片凌晨水势于不同生长季节随竹龄大小的变化趋势较为相似。干旱与否,在8月份至10月份生长旺盛期,叶片凌晨水势随着竹龄增加而下降,水分有从幼竹向老竹输送的趋势。12月份至翌年3月份孕笋期正好相反,随着竹龄增加其叶片凌晨水势增加,水分具有从老竹高水势向幼竹低水势输送的趋势。表明水分在毛竹不同竹龄个体之间输送补给方向因生长季节不同而存在差异。(4)在生长旺盛期,干旱处理毛竹叶片凌晨水势显著低于自然生长毛竹,且随着竹龄增加,水势差异幅度增大;在孕笋期,5年生以上老竹干旱后叶片凌晨水势低于对照毛竹。(5)不同生长季节不同冠层部位叶片凌晨水势存在差异,但均不显著,叶片凌晨水势随冠层分布趋势也受竹龄大小影响。[结论]同一竹龄毛竹叶片凌晨水势存在较显著的季节间差异,毛竹叶片凌晨水势与土壤水分状况的季节变化趋势一致。水分在毛竹不同竹龄个体之间输送方向因生长季节而异,表明水势是驱动毛竹适应干旱胁迫的重要因素。     

重庆缙云山毛竹林次降雨再分配特征及穿透雨的空间异质性

为分析毛竹林的林冠降雨再分配规律及其穿透雨的空间分布特征和影响因素,在重庆缙云山自然保护区内选择的30m×30m毛竹林标准地内,随机布置72个穿透雨监测点,并选取6株标准木观测干流,于2017年5-8月监测毛竹林水文特征。结果表明:18场典型降雨的合计林冠截留量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量分别为32.74,208.09,10.97mm,分别占总降雨量的13.00%,82.64%,4.36%;次穿透雨率随次降雨量增加呈对数函数增长;穿透雨的空间变异系数(CVS)随次降雨量和降雨强度增加呈幂函数递减;当次降雨量小于10mm时,叶面积指数(LAI)与穿透雨率呈显著负相关(p0.05);各监测点不同降雨场次中穿透雨率变异系数(CV_T)为19.2%~47.7%,其空间分布格局与毛竹密度的空间分布较为一致,而与观监测点上方的LAI无显著相关;穿透雨量较大的监测点趋向于分布在毛竹冠区边缘。     

红松人工林不同间伐强度对降雨再分配的影响

为研究间伐对红松人工林水源涵养功能的影响程度,该文以本溪县草河口地区70 年生不同间伐强度(对照区、中度区、极强区)的红松人工林为研究对象,研究不同间伐强度对红松人工林树干径流、穿透雨及林冠截留的影响,结果表明:红松人工林的穿透雨、树干径流以及林冠截留都会随降雨强度增加而增加,穿透雨量随间伐强度增加而增加,不同间伐强度的穿透雨率差异显著(p<0.05),树干径流率差异不显著。林冠截留量随间伐强度增加而减小,且不同间伐强度的林冠截留率差异显著(p<0.05)。     

安徽老山亚热带常绿阔叶林降雨中氮和可溶性有机碳的动态变化

对安徽老山自然保护区亚热带常绿阔叶林降雨中可溶性碳和氮动态进行了研究。结果表明,该地区大气降雨pH为6.82,呈中性;TOC含量为3.330mg/L,NH4+-N含量为0.405mg/L,NO3-N含量0.501mg/L。降雨经过冠层后,物质成分的含量发生显著改变。穿透雨的TOC含量为10.498mg/L,NH4+-N含量为0.454mg/L,NO3-N含量为0.959mg/L,分别是林外降雨的3.15,1.12,1.91倍。树干径流的TOC含量为21.157mg/L,NH4+-N含量为0.972mg/L,NO3-N含量为1.040mg/L,分别是林外降雨的6.35,2.40,2.08倍。TOC及氮含量的低值都是出现在夏季生长旺盛期,可能与树木在此期需要大量的养分来维持有关,而林外雨各物质含量的出现低值主要与降雨强度、降雨量有关。     

Spatial variability of throughfall in a Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) plantation in northern China

The interception of rainfall by vegetation and the subsequent evaporation of intercepted water from the canopy surface play an important role in hydrological processes, and the water and energy balance of forest ecosystems. Spatial variability of interception has different effects on water yield from watersheds located in different climatic and biome regions. In order to explain the spatial patterns of interception, we adopted grid-sampling method to install rain-gauges to measure throughfall. Results show that the coefficient of variation (Cv) of throughfall tends to decline as rain intensity increases. After the canopy is saturated, Cv of throughfall remained at a constant value, which is close to the Cv of the canopy leaf area index (LAI) value 0.18. Thus, the Cv of LAI is regarded as the extremum of that of throughfall. Because of the special characteristic of Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis), and the lower droopy branches, negative values for interception account for only 13% of the total samples. Furthermore, the max is above 70% of gross rainfall. __________ Translated from Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 4(3): 26–30 [译自: 中国水土保持科学]     

Throughfall,stemflow and interception loss in a mixed white oak forest (Quercus serrata Thunb.)

Throughfall and stemflow measurements in a 60-year-old white oak stand (Quercus serrata Thunb.) were carried out during two periods totalling eleven months, from August to November 1993 and from May to November 1994, in order to clarify the rainfall partitioning of this forest. Troughs and spiral-type stemflow gauges connected to tipping bucket-gauges were used for throughfall and stemflow measurements. Seventy-five storms were analyzed individually. Coefficients of variation for throughfall and stemflow ranged between 5–25% and 20–70% respectively. Partitioning of net rainfall in throughfall and stemflow represent 72% and 10% of the gross rainfall respectively. Multiple regression analyses were carried out to determine the stemflow variability. In was determined that maximum rain intensity was highly correlated with stemflow and this variable explained a further 5.5% of the stemflow variation. Estimates of averaged lag time and drainage after rain cease for stemflow were 290 and 164 min, while estimates for throughfall were 60 and 104 min. respectively. The canopy saturation was estimated from continuous storms and showed a value of 0.6 mm. The trunk storage capacity was estimated at a value of 0.2 mm. The interception loss from the forest canopy was estimated in 18%. Interception loss was heighly correlated with rainfall characteristics such as duration and intensity.     

竹林养分循环 Ⅱ.毛竹林内降水的养分输入及其林地迳流的养分输出

在我国亚热带毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex H.de Lehaie)主要产区浙、赣两省的三块试验林中对毛竹林内降水的养分输入及其小流域迳流的养分输出进行了连续四年的观察研究。结果表明,林内降水中的养分物质浓度及其输入量的季节变化明显,且与林内降水量的季节变化密切相关。林内降水中各养分物质的浓度及输入量依大小顺序列为K~+>Ca~(2+)>Mg~(2+)>NH_4~+-N>NO_3~--N>PO_4~(3-)。迳流水养分输出量的季节变化动态与迳流水量的季节增减趋势相一致,其养分物质浓度及输出量高低顺序为K~+>Mg~(2+)>速效N>PO_4~(3-)。除作为养分移动载体的林内降水及迳流水外,毛竹生长发育特性、土壤生物活动及施肥、抚育等人力措施亦对毛竹林生态系统的养分输入与输出产生影响。文中建立了浙江省庙山坞试验林林内降水中养分元素钾的年输入量GM(1,1)预测模型。     

北亚热带次生毛竹林冠生态水文效应及其影响因素分析

对长江三角洲森林生态定位站北亚热带次生毛竹林(Phyllostachys edulis)林冠水文作用进行了观测研究.结果表明:(1)毛竹林林冠截留量、透流量、树干茎流量变化范围分别为0.21～4.55 mm,0～105.88 mm,0～2.8 mm;截留率、透流率、树干茎流率变化范围分别为1.3%～100%,0～96.3%,0～11.8%;年截留量、透流量、干流量分别为171.7,864.78,74.3 mm;年截留率、透流率、树干茎流率分别为15.5%,77.9%,6.7%.(2)毛竹林林冠截留量(率)、透流量(率)、树干茎流量(率)均与降雨量、降雨强度存在着不同程度的相关性,降雨特征对毛竹林林冠分配降雨的各环节影响最大.(3)不同雨量级、雨强条件下,毛竹林分配降雨效果差异显著.     

川西亚高山原始云杉林内降雨分配研究

穿透雨、茎流和林冠截留在森林生态系统水文循环和水量平衡中占有极其重要的地位 (VanDijketal .,2 0 0 1) ,因而从生理学、生态学和水文学的观点来看 ,研究一定区域内植被与降雨之间的相关性具有重要的意义 (Aboaletal .,1999)。川西亚高山针叶林处于我国东南半壁湿润地区与西北半壁干旱地区的过渡地带上 ,且多分布于江河上游 ,在涵养水源、保持水土、稳定河川流量、维护生态平衡等方面具有重要的地位 ,被誉为庇护四川及长江流域的“绿色万里长城”(杨玉坡 ,1990 )。马雪华 (1987)对米亚罗地区亚高山冷杉林的林冠截留做了一些初步的观测 …