Deposition gradients and foliar and soil leachate concentrations of air pollutants in Scots pine stands of S.-E. Finland and the Karelian Isthmus,N.-W. Russia

Bulk precipitation and throughfall analyses in 50–100-year-old Scots pine stands revealed decreasing sulphur, nitrogen, calcium and magnesium deposition gradients, which extend from the St. Petersburg-Leningrad region and N.-E. Estonia to S.-E. Finland. The Ca and Mg deposition alleviate the acidifying effect of sulphur and nitrogen. The Scots pine canopies acted as a sink for ammonium and nitrate, while the canopy interactions increased sulphur, calcium and magnesium content in throughfall. Foliar S, N and Ca concentrations correlated positively with the corresponding deposition loads. In contrast, low foliar magnesium concentrations were detected in the vicinity of St. Petersburg. The results indicate that the sulphur and calcium deposition may have increased soil leachate S and Ca concentrations in the most polluted Scots pine stands.     

Nine years of measurements of atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur deposition to Danish forest

Since 1985 measurements of gasses, aerosols, precipitation and throughfall have been carried out at three forest sites in Denmark with equal aged Norway Spruce plantations. The times series show a downward trend in the concentration of sulphur dioxide. Particulate sulphate, ammonia and particulate ammonium and the total nitrate seem to have a more constant concentration level. The wet deposition measurements show a decreasing trend in the content of acid (protons), sulphate, ammonium and nitrate, though for the nitrogen compounds it is only a slight fall. A decrease in concentrations of protons and sulphate is also seen in the throughfall measurements, in throughfall the nitrogen compounds hardly seem to decrease.     

The effects of organic carbon on acid rain in a temperate forest in Japan

From recent studies, we noticed that stemflow had an acidity that differed from that of precipitation or throughfall. Organic substances, supplied from the tree surface, would be one of the factors that modifies the acidity of rain. The objectives of this study were to determine the DOC concentration and to clarify the influence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on acidity in precipitation, throughfall and stemflow. Throughfall and stemflow were measured in sugi [Cryptomeria japonica D. Don], hinoki [Chamaecyparis obutusa Endl.] and kojii [Castanopsis cuspidata (Thumb.) Schottky.] stands. All samples were analyzed for their pH, electric conductivity (EC), major inorganic anions and cations and DOC concentration.The annual average of DOC was highest in stemflow, and that of throughfall and precipitation were one-third and one-tenth of stemflow, respectively. The averages of DOC in stemflow in two coniferous, sugi and hinoki stands, were higher than that of broadleaved kojii stand. DOC concentration was low in summer and high in winter in all stands. In Stemflow, pH and DOC were negatively correlated, while EC and DOC in stemflow were positively correlated in all stands. However in throughfall, there was no evident relationship between pH, DOC and EC. This relationship was not explained by the cause of organic acid.     

Groundwater acidification at Birkenes,southern Norway: Comparing trends of chemical composition of precipitation,throughfall, soilwater and groundwater

Chemical time trends for precipitation, throughfall, and soilwater (1986–1992), and groundwater (1980–1993) at Birkenes, southern Norway, are compared to gain insights into possible causes for the recent increase in groundwater acidification there. Precipitation and throughfall trends do not show evidence for an increase in anthropogenic acids (e.g. sulphate), but seasalt deposition (e.g. chloride) has been marginally greater in 1990–1992 than in most previous years on record. Soilwater composition partly indicates increasing acidification in recent years (pH, Al and ANC), but hardness and sulphate content are decreasing. Soilwater ANC became negative in 1989, revealing a lasting deficit in its potential to buffer acidity. Groundwater shows clear signs of intensifying acidification (pH, Al, ANC, hardness and sulphate), and this may result partly from climatic conditions (mild winters, seasalt episodes) and partly from the deterioration of an acid buffering system within the soil cover. Acidification via sulphate deposition certainly is not a direct cause. The declining hardness of soilwater suggests that the ion-exchange buffer in the soil may have ceased to function properly. The necessity for obtaining long-term time-series of water chemistry is underscored by this study.     

黑龙江东部山地兴安落叶松人工林对水质的影响

 为了解黑龙江省东部山地落叶松人工林生态系统对水质的影响,试验用多参数水质监测仪和原子吸收法对大气降水、穿透水、树干径流和地表径流中的pH值、溶解氧、浊度、电导率、氧化还原电位、K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Mn和Fe等水质指标进行测定。结果表明:在落叶松人工林生态系统中,大气降水、穿透水、树干径流和地表径流pH值的变化都不甚明显,变异系数都较低。大气降水经过林冠层后溶解氧含量降低,浊度和电导率明显增加,氧化还原电位逐渐降低,Na、Ca和Mg离子总平均浓度逐渐升高。穿透水和树干径流中K、Ca元素的淋溶量明显高于其他元素,且树干径流各元素的净淋溶和淋溶系数均高于穿透水。地表径流对水质的酸化有缓冲作用。     

小兴安岭白桦林降水转化过程元素特征分析

为了探究小兴安岭白桦林生态系统在降水转化过程中养分循环及养分平衡的变化特征,采用生态系统野外长期定位观测和采样的方法,并利用ICP发射光谱分析仪对小兴安岭白桦林穿透雨、树干径流以及林外雨中的K、Ca、Si、Mg和Mn共5种养分元素进行了测定,结合白桦林对大气降雨的截留再分配比例,计算了白桦林内各元素的输入量,结果表明:1)大气降雨中各养分元素年均质量浓度Ca为最高(10.807 mg/L),Mn最低(0.069 mg/L),其排序为Ca＞K＞Si＞Mg＞Mn;大气降雨中养分输入量排序与养分年均质量浓度有相同排序规律;2)穿透雨与树干径流中的各元素年均质量浓度规律一致,均为Ca＞K＞Mg＞Si＞Mn;与大气降雨相比,穿透雨和树干径流中养分元素的年均浓度均有不同幅度的增长;3)大气降雨中除Ca元素外,其他元素的变异系数均大于1,其中K的变异系数最大(1.514),Ca的变异系数最小(0.827);白桦林穿透雨、树干径流中Mg元素变异系数均为最大,分别为0.989和0.827,最小变异系数分别为Si(0.46)和Mn(0.459);与大气降雨相比,穿透雨和树干径流中各养分元素的变异系数均小于降雨中该元素的变异系数;4)白桦林各元素年净输入量为K＞Mg＞Si＞Mn＞Ca,且Ca元素的年净输入量为负值。      

太岳山油松人工林生态系统降雨的第一次分配

１９９２～１９９３年生长季节在山西省太岳山林区观测研究了不同郁闭度油松人工林对降雨的第一次分配．结果表明：林冠对降雨的第一次分配与降雨量级密切相关，降雨量级越大，截留率越小，而茎流率和穿透水比率越大．郁闭度亦影响林冠对降雨的第一次分配，郁闭度越大，截留率和茎流率越大，穿透水比率越小，而且随着降雨量级的增大，郁闭度的影响减弱．降雨的第一次分配主要取决于各月降雨的时间格局．干旱季节林冠对降雨的截留率较大，穿透水比率和茎流率较小，郁闭度对降雨第一次分配的影响较大；而在雨季则相反．整个生长季节，３号实验地（郁闭度为０９）的林冠截留、茎流及穿透水分别占降雨量的１５９％，２１％和８２０％，０号实验地（郁闭度为０６）的相应比率为１３６％，１９％和８４５％．因此，在干旱地区或具有明显干旱季节的地区经营人工林，必须考虑林分的生产力选择适当的林分密度，适时疏伐，增加林下降雨，提高土壤含水量，从而促进林木生长     

连续降雨条件下黄土丘陵区两典型林分降雨分配特征研究

植被的降雨分配是重要的水文过程和生态功能。基于连续降雨条件下,采用雨量筒收集法,实地观测了黄土丘陵区两典型森林群落——辽东栎次生林和刺槐人工林的树干流和穿透雨。结果表明:连续降雨条件下,两典型森林群落穿透雨与降雨量之间存在极显著的相关关系,辽东栎林分穿透雨占降雨量的86%,刺槐林分穿透雨占降雨量的89%;辽东栎单株树干流与胸径之间呈显著正相关线性关系;辽东栎林分树干流和刺槐林分树干流与降雨量之间均存在极显著线性相关,两林分树干流分别占降雨量的14%和6%,辽东栎林树干流和穿透雨之和与降雨量相等,表明该林分在连续降雨条件下,该林分树冠截流等于0;刺槐树干流和穿透雨之和与降雨量相比,相差5%,这可能与该林分灌木层的二次分配有关。     

玉米冠下溅蚀效应及其空间分布特征

为系统测定玉米不同生长阶段冠下的溅蚀速率及其空间分布特征,采用室内人工降雨的方法,系统测定了不同降雨强度、不同生长阶段玉米冠下的穿透雨强度和溅蚀速率,分析了玉米冠下溅蚀速率与叶面积指数和穿透雨强度的关系,探讨了冠下溅蚀速率的空间分布特征。结果表明:玉米在其不同生长阶段冠下平均溅蚀速率较裸地减少了约43%～77%;冠下溅蚀速率随叶面积指数变化规律不显著,但是随降雨强度的增大而显著增加。冠下各点溅蚀速率随相应各点的穿透雨强度的增加而增加。玉米冠下溅蚀速率的空间分布与穿透雨的分布具有较好的对应关系,冠下穿透雨强度较大的区域会导致较高的溅蚀量。该研究揭示的玉米冠下溅蚀速率特征可为坡耕地土壤侵蚀防治提供理论指导。     

Spatial variability of soil solution chemistry under Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) in Tama Hills

A monitoring study on precipitation and soil solution was conducted to analyze soil acidification processes at the Rolling Land Laboratory (RLL), Hachioji, Tokyo based on the spatial variability of the soil solution chemistry around the Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) trunk. Soil solution samples were taken at various distances from the tree trunks and at various depths. Soil solution pH at the depth of 10 cm decreased to 4.1–4.2 on the downslope side of large tree trunks, presumably due to the heterogeneity of throughfall input and extensive infiltration of acidic stemflow. Ammonium ions brought by throughfall and stemflow were nitrified and provided large amounts of H⁺. Protons were replaced with exchangeable cations. When base cations were depleted, aluminum ion became the dominant cation species. On the average, Ca²⁺ concentration in the soil solutions at the depth of 10 cm decreased from 0.28 mmol_c L^-1 at the reference site to 0.18 mmol_c L^-1 on the downslope side and Mg²⁺ concentration decreased from 0.30 mmol_c L^-1 to 0.15 mmol_c L^-1. Arithmetic mean aluminum concentration at the depth of 10 cm on the downslope side was 0.35 mmol_c L^-1. Here aluminum dissolution was the main acid sink. Based on the spatial variability of the soil solution chemistry, soil solution acidification processes were divided into four stages.