海水闭合循环系统生物滤器微生物特性研究

利用扫描电镜以察、荧光显微镜计数、氚化胸苷示踪等方法，研究了盐度为35的海水闭合系统生物滤器稳定成熟过程中，生物膜生物相的构建及系统中三态氮等水质指标的变化情况等。结果表明，海水闭合循环系统生物滤器可以建立完整的硝化作用，其稳定成熟过程与淡水及咸淡水生物滤器的情况相同，只是亚硝酸氧化滞后现象比较明显、细菌及其他牛物的变化与水化学指标的变化相吻合。试验系统达成熟状态需75d左右。     

中国养殖水产品供给特征分析

通过对1985年至2004年的水产养殖产量分品种、分产区进行分类统计分析,发现我国养殖水产品供给呈现以下特点:(1)水产养殖产量快速增长;(2)海水养殖占水产养殖产量的比例逐渐上升;(3)养殖品种趋同性问题仍未根本改善;(4)特种水产品产量提高较快;(5)沿海地区、长江和珠江流域等传统养殖区仍是我国主要水产养殖区。文章最后对我国水产养殖存在的问题以及发展对策展开了讨论。     

稀释海水灌溉的芦荟中矿质营养与有效成分分布情况研究

With increasing demand for irrigation water, agricultural scientists and planners pay more attention to the utilization of diluted seawater as an alternative source for irrigation of crops. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study how seawater stress（SS） affects growth, water content, cationic accumulation, and active ingredients in leaves of Aloe vera after 30 d of growth in nutrient media with 0%（control）, 22%（22% SS）, and 42%（42% SS） seawater stress. Results indicated the SS did not change dry biomass of leaves and stems, but gradually decreased biomass allocation to roots with increasing seawater stress. Na^＋ and Cl^- in A. vera plant did not increase obviously with a big increase in seawater percentage due to low transpiration of Aloe vera. 42% SS decreased N concentration in most plant organs, but did not change or increased P concentration. Seawater stress tended to decrease concentrations of K^＋ and Ca^2＋ in A. vera. However, seawater salinity tended to increase the concentrations of aloin concentration in top（young） and middle leaves, and there was no significant effect of both stresses on aloin concentration in base（old） leaves. The 42% SS treatment decreased polysaccharide concentrations only in the base leaves, but not in top and middle leaves. In summary, supplying suitably diluted seawater for 30 d could increase the qualities and value of A. vera, without substantial effects on shoot dry biomass production.     

MMT改性淀粉基纳米复合纤维的海水降解性能

不可降解渔具造成的“白色污染”和“幽灵捕捞”问题已严重威胁到海洋的生态环境,开发可降解渔具材料已经成为我国渔业可持续发展的有效途径之一。本实验采用熔融纺丝法制备淀粉(STR)/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/纳米蒙脱土(MMT)纳米复合纤维,研究MMT对纳米复合纤维的热学性能、力学性能、动态力学性能与海水降解性能的影响。结果显示,引入MMT后,纳米复合纤维的熔融温度(Tm)移向低温,结晶度增加,而断裂强度下降。此外,MMT的加入显著降低了聚乙烯的玻璃态储能模量和内部损耗,但对淀粉相影响不显著。4个月海水降解结果显示,与STR/HDPE纤维相比,STR/HDPE/MMT纳米复合纤维失重率增加了约5%,纤维直径减小了约11%,这表明MMT加快了STR/HDPE纤维的降解过程。本实验系统研究了MMT改性淀粉基纳米复合纤维的海水降解性能,可为渔业等海洋产业用降解新材料的开发与应用提供参考。     

利用海水汲取液的沼液正渗透浓缩技术

为实现沼液浓缩以提高其应用价值,该试验以海水作为汲取液,采用正渗透技术对山东某海滨猪场的沼液进行浓缩。试验结果表明,正渗透浓缩倍数为2时的膜通量最高可达到9.5 L/(m2·h);沼液浓缩后的总含盐量、总钾、总磷、总氮、化学需氧量的回收率均可以达到96.7%以上,在保证较高膜通量的条件下沼液体积最高可减小为原液的1/4;对数据拟合分析的结果表明,在沼液浓缩倍数为3时,正渗透膜具有较高的浓缩效率,可达到3.9 L2/(m2·h·g)。综上,采用正渗透技术对沼液进行浓缩的方式是可行的,这不仅缓解了沼液不能及时消纳所造成的资源浪费,而且还可以提高沼液作为肥料的应用价值。     

利用地下海水进行海湾扇贝越冬的效果研究

把5cm以上海湾扇贝亲贝按43-50个／m^3密度吊养于水泥沉淀池,利用附近井水调温：使池水温度达4℃以上。越冬两个半月,成活率84％以上,而自然海区越冬贝成活率仅70％．升温促熟后．亲贝产卵孵化率60％以上,而自然海区越冬贝仅为15．1％。地下海水越冬贝的单位水体出苗量为505万粒／m^3和544万粒／m^3,而自然海区越冬贝出苗量仅有209万粒／m^3．证明利用地下海水调温,在沉淀池进行海湾扇贝亲贝越冬,效果明显,完全可行．     

SHORT COMMUNICATION: Calculating an artificial sea water formulation using spreadsheet matrices

A previously published formulation for a general-purpose artificial sea water suitable for maintaining marine fishes is recalculated using matrix functions in a common computer spreadsheet application, Microsoft Excel^®. Calculations result in element concentrations nearer to those in sea water of 35 grams per kilogram (%0) salinity and allow rapid customization.     

Differences in Major Ions Composition of Artificial Seawater from Aquarium Tanks at the New Jersey State Aquarium

Concentrations of major seawater ions were monitored in six aquarium tanks at the New Jersey State Aquarium over a three-year period. The ratios of these ions to chlorinity were compared to those in freshly prepared artificial seawater. The largest aquarium tank (Ocean Tank) exhibits statistically significant (p<0.01) relative enrichment of potassium, calcium and strontium, and relative depletion of magnesium and sulphate. The likely source of excess potassium is from potassium iodide added to prevent goiter in sharks. Based on the excess potassium, a total amount of 650 μmol/kg iodide added over the years was calculated for the Ocean Tank. The excess calcium observed in several tanks correlates with the presence of concrete or arbonaceous shells in these tanks. In Ocean Tank, a calcium leaching rate of 6.7 kg/month was calculated. Continuous formation of white carbonaceous precipitates serves as a sink for magnesium in Ocean Tank, and a magnesium removal rate of 5.1 kg/month was calculated. These and other results show that concentrations of major ions in artificial seawater aquaria are affected by leaching, precipitation and addition of food supplements, and these factors should be taken into account when preparing artificial seawater for aquarium tanks with long water residence time. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

二氧化氯在海洋馆水处理中的应用研究

应用二氧化氯代替次氯酸钠进行消毒杀菌试验，找出了二氧化氯的最佳投量。研究结果表明：在人造海水维生系统的水体中，二氧化氯浓度维持在0．03－0．05mg/L，能有效改善水质和预防海洋动物疾病，且不伤害维生系统的功能，是一种优良的替代消毒剂。     

湄洲湾水域海水、沉积物中砷及重金属的含量分析

根据湄洲湾20个点位4批次水样,1次沉积物样,用原子荧光、原子吸收和多功能极谱仪测定海水和沉积物中砷及重金属的含量。采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对湄洲湾水域海水和沉积物中的砷及重金属进行综合评价。结果表明,湄洲湾水域海水中的砷及重金属单因子污染指数Pi〈1,均符合第二类海水水质标准,内梅罗指数I〈1,总体...