Structural studies on soil nitrogen by Curie-point pyrolysis — gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with nitrogen-selective detection

Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectrometry with N-selective detection was used to characterize the structure of organic N compounds in four mineral soils. The technique was found suitable for the fast, sensitive, and highly specific identification of N-containing pyrolysis products from whole soils with total N contents between 0.08 and 0.46%. In order to optimize the methodology, one agricultural soil was pyrolyzed at final temperatures of 573, 773, and 973 K. Almost no chemical alterations to identifiable pyrolysis products were observed when the final pyrolysis temperature was increased from 573 to 973 K. More than 50 N-containing pyrolysis products were identified, and were divided into compound classes chracterized by specific molecular-chemical structures. These included pyrroles, imidazoles, pyrazoles, pyridines, pyrimidines, pyrazines, indoles, quinolines, N derivatives of benzene, alkyl nitriles, and aliphatic amines. Three additional soil samples different in origin and N content were analyzed at 773 K and each showed a specific thermosensitive N-selective chromatogram. Many N-containing pyrolysis products were identified in all samples, which indicated general qualitative regularities in the thermal release of N-containing pyrolysis products from the four soils. In the pyrolyzates of the investigated soils a number of compounds were identified, which is usually not detectable in pyrolysis-gas chromatography spectrometry analyses with N-selective detection of plants and microorganisms. Among these were N derivatives of benzene and long-chain alkyl nitriles, which appear to be soil-specific and suggest significant transformations of organic N in soils. Thus, our results contribute to a better understanding of the molecular-chemical structure of unknown N.     

Forms and solubility of plant nutrient elements in tropical plant waste biochars

Thailand is an agriculture‐based country which produces large amounts of agricultural waste. Making biochar from this waste can reduce pollution, decrease costs of production, and increase C sequestration. The agronomic benefits of biochar are partly derived from the available plant nutrients in biochar. This study investigated the fertilizer value of biochars manufactured by slow pyrolysis. Pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type affect nutrient concentrations and nutrient element speciation in biochar. The physio‐chemical, mineralogical and structural properties of biochars made from 14 agriculture wastes (soybean cake, corncob, lemon peel, sugar palm fibre, durian shell, tamarind wood, coconut fibre, coconut shell, bamboo wood, rice husk, eucalyptus wood, oil palm fruit, coffee waste, and bagasse) were investigated. The plant nutrients in biochar mostly occurred in crystalline minerals which were present on the surface and inside the cell structure of biochar. Most biochars examined in this research contained calcite (CaCO₃). The presence in biochars of several K‐minerals [archerite (KH₂PO₄), chlorocalcite (KCaCl₃), kalicinite (KHCO₃), pyrocoproite (K₂MgP₂O₇), struvite‐K (KMgPO₄ · 6 H₂O), and sylvite (KCl)] encourages the use of biochar as a K‐fertilizer. Fibre, fruit and wood biochars contained considerable amounts of K, Ca, and P. Sugar palm and coconut fibres also contained high level of Na in halite. This study recommends the utilization of biochars manufactured from sugar palm fibre, coconut fibre, durian shell, and oil palm fruit as fertilizers. With their appreciable contents of plant nutrients in highly to moderately soluble compounds these biochars should be effective fertilizers, especially for use by organic farmers who cannot use any chemical fertilizers.     

竹材热解特性研究

主要研究了竹材在快速热解与常规热解下液相、固相及气相产品的得率差异。快速热解下升温28℃／s，停留时间0．76s，温度500℃，液相产品竹焦油得率为48．5％，主要组分为2，6-二甲氧基苯酚和2-甲氧基苯酚（愈疮木酚），在常规热解下升温速率1℃／min，温度500℃，液相得率为30％（包括水），组分主要为乙酸。在常规或缓慢热解中，固相产物，炭的微孔结构中，当热解温度低于550℃的情况下，主要孔径在6．0-22．0nm，当热解温度在650～750℃，主要孔径〈2nm。     

新型肉桂酰基呋喃木糖的合成及其加香应用研究

以N,N-二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC)为缩水剂,合成了目标化合物1,2-O-异丙叉基-3,5-O-二肉桂酰基-α-D-呋喃木糖,其结构经红外光谱(IR)、核磁氢谱(1H NMR)、核磁碳谱(13C NMR)和质谱(MS)等方法得到了确证;对其300、600、900℃的热裂解成分进行GC/MS分析,并对该目标化合物进行卷烟加香试验,结果表明,该化合物热裂解可得到51种有香味的醛、酮、酸、酯类化合物;该化合物添加量为0.01%时,可以改善卷烟香气质,增加香气量,降低刺激性,改善余味。     

Image segmentation based on differential mutation bare bones particle swarm optimization and fuzzy entropy

Sawdust, coal gangue and paper sludge were chosen as pore-forming agents of sintered shale brick. The pyrolysis behaviors of different forming agents were studied and the influences of the agents on bulk density, compressive strength, porosity, and water absorption properties of the shale brick were also investigated. It is shown that, with the increase of the dosage of sawdust, pore number of the sintered bricks and water-absorption increase, while the volume density and strength fall rapidly. Thus, the dosage of sawdust should be controlled within 6%. Because of poorer plasticity and lower ignition of coal gangue as well as low porosity rate of sintered bricks, the water-absorption of sintered bricks is poor, and decreases of density and strength are not obvious. In practical production, according to the requirements of brick-making heat and plasticity, a moderate amount of coal gangue can be added. The plasticity of the bricks improves as the dosage of paper sludge increases due to its good plasticity. However, excessive dosage of paper sludge will result in large shrinkage of sintered brick, low strength and high water absorption; therefore, the dosage should not exceed 7%.     

枸杞多糖的热裂解产物研究

利用裂解气相—色谱质谱联用(Py-GC/MS)对卷烟燃烧过程进行模拟,研究枸杞多糖在无氧条件下的热裂解,以期为枸杞多糖在卷烟中的应用提供一些理论基础。用GC-MS定性定量测定分析热裂解产物。比较了不同温度(300,600,900℃)下的裂解产物差异,对裂解产物进行了归类分析,并分析了主要裂解产物致香成分的致香效果,为卷烟评吸提供了理论依据。     

催化热解调控热解产物的研究进展

综述了煤和生物质催化裂解技术对热解产物的影响作用,分析了不同催化剂对热解气体和煤焦油的催化效果,对热解产物催化裂解技术进行了分析,展望了未来煤催化裂解的研究重点。     

傅里叶红外光谱技术在生物质能源研究中的应用

傅里叶变换红外光谱是灵敏度高、波数准确、重复性好,用以确定分子组成和结构的定性和定量分析技术。主要对傅里叶红外光谱技术在生物质固体燃料、生物质热解、生物质液化等研究中的应用进行分析和阐述,介绍了傅里叶变换红外光谱及其联合分析技术的应用。     

苦水玫瑰油的热解产物分析

采用在线热裂解—气相色谱/质谱联用技术(Py-GC/MS),模拟卷烟燃吸状态,研究了苦水玫瑰油在无氧条件下的热裂解行为,为其在卷烟中应用提供了理论依据。将苦水玫瑰油样品分别在不同温度(300,600,900℃)下进行热裂解,将热解产物直接引入气相色谱—质谱仪进行定性和半定量分析。结果表明,苦水玫瑰油裂解产物中主要包括醇类、酯类、萜烯类、脂肪烃类和醚类等致香成分,其中含量较高的物质包括香茅醇、香叶醇和芳樟醇等有具有浓郁而持久的玫瑰香气的化合物,这些物质有助于增进卷烟甜香、玫瑰香,使烟气柔和。     

棉秆催化热解的TG-MS分析

[目的]利用热重-质谱联用（TG-MS）技术,分析了棉秆在催化条件下的热解过程.[方法]采用活化热解区与消极热解区法、热解特性指数法,比较了CaO、MgO对棉秆热解的影响,通过质谱分析研究了CaO、MgO对棉秆热解过程中焦油组分析出的影响.[结果]CaO、MgO对棉秆的活化区和消极区均有催化作用,且CaO、MgO对棉秆的挥发分析出特性具有改善作用;棉秆热解产生的焦油组分主要为苯、甲苯、苯酚,CaO、MgO的加入使焦油组分的析出温度范围变窄、离子强度下降.[结论]该研究为棉杆的催化热解研究提供了科学参考.