水稻冠层二向反射率的模拟及其反演

 在2000年晚稻大田试验中，设5个氮素水平，即严重缺氮、缺氮、氮适中、氮过多和氮严重过多5种不同的生长状况，实测了5种氮素水平下的水稻冠层二向反射率、叶片反射率、透射率、冠层结构参数等，利用FCR模型模拟冠层二向反射率，模拟精度用RMSE值和相关系数r检验，利用POWELL法反演冠层结构参数，当叶面积指数>3时，反演结果与实测值的相对误差小于10%。     

用遗传算法确定考虑温度历程的混凝土水化放热模型参数及试验验证

目前,考虑温度历程绝热温升模型存在参数较难确定和尚未有现场非绝热温升试验验证其精度2个问题。为了解决这2个问题,该文提供了一种合适的遗传算法实现方法,设计了2个温度历程不同的混凝土非绝热温升试验,并将一个混凝土块的试验数据及该方法反演获得的参数应用到模拟另一个混凝土块温度场中。试验结果表明,即使温度历程差异较大,遗传算法也能获取准确的参数。应用遗传算法解决考虑温度历程混凝土水化放热模型具有可行性;且较未考虑温度历程模型,考虑温度历程的混凝土水化放热模型精度有明显提高。未考虑温度历程模型的平均误差为1.1℃而考虑温度历程模型平均误差仅为0.4℃。     

联合Terra/Aqua MODIS多角度多光谱数据反演冬小麦叶面积指数

Terra与Aqua双星搭载的MODIS传感器可实现每日上下午分别对同一地点观测一次,并且由于卫星轨道漂移形成累积连续多天的多角度观测特点,加上多通道的光谱响应,极大地丰富了地表目标的观测信息,为LAI等地表参数的实时准确反演提供了可能。该文利用MODIS双星高质量的连续多天的多波段地表反射率数据,结合PROSAIL(PROSPECT+SAIL,properties spectra+scattering by arbitrarily inclined leaves)模型和查找表方法反演冬小麦LAI,并与MODIS LAI产品及野外采样点实测LAI对比,结果表明,联合双星高质量的多角度多波段数据能够较准确反演冬小麦LAI,其反演结果无论从空间分布还是时序变化特征来讲,较MODIS LAI产品更符合实际情况,也更接近地面实测值。该文的研究为充分利用MODIS数据的角度和光谱信息反演小麦等农作物的LAI提供了一定的借鉴。     

A REVIEW OF NONCONVENTIONAL ULTRASOUND TECHNIQUES AND CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF NONCARDIAC CANINE DISORDERS

Modern ultrasound contrast media are gas-containing stabilized microbubbles that remain intact in the circulating blood for several minutes after intravenous injection and increase the intensity of the backscattered ultrasound. When the microbubbles disappear from the blood, they can be detected in the parenchyma of the liver and the spleen for about 30 more minutes (late liver- and spleen-specific phase). The insonated microbubbles produce second harmonic ultrasound frequencies, whose detection requires nonconventional ultrasound modalities such as pulsed inversion imaging. Nonconventional ultrasound techniques can also be used without microbubbles because second harmonics can be generated by ultrasound in tissues as well. The physical principles and advantages of nonconventional ultrasound techniques are described. The circulating microbubbles can be used not only to enhance weak Doppler signals, but also to perform dynamic contrast studies. Contrast-enhanced dynamic ultrasound studies--similar to contrast-enhanced CT and MRI examinations--have been used in humans to characterize lesions noninvasively (i.e., without biopsies) found during conventional ultrasound examinations. To map the distribution of contrast medium in a nodule or in an organ, specific scanning techniques such as stimulated acoustic emission have been developed. Stimulated acoustic emission occurs when high acoustic pressure ultrasonic waves disrupt the stationary or slowly moving microbubbles. This results in the release of a large amount of harmonic ultrasound frequencies. When the stimulated acoustic emission technique is used for dynamic studies, scanning must be interrupted several times to allow the microvasculature of the lesion to refill with microbubbles (interval delay imaging). The contrast patterns of malignant and benign hepatic nodules in humans have been the most intensively studied. Another type of dynamic study in humans measures the transit time of the contrast medium; that is, how fast the peripherally injected microbubbles reach the hepatic veins. Hepatic cirrhosis can be differentiated from other diffuse parenchymal liver diseases by a shorter transit time. Introducing nonconventional ultrasound techniques and ultrasound contrast media in veterinary diagnostic imaging may have potential value; however, intensive research should be carried out before ultrasound contrast agents can routinely be used in clinical practice.     

逆作法在燕山立交桥施工中的应用

本文通过对桥梁实例施工步骤的概略介绍,重点突出了逆作法施工工艺的特点、施工中要注意事项及与常规施工方案的比较。     

加速广义Laguerre多项式级数的Laplace变换的数值反演方法

本文利用Levin t-变换迭代法，对加速广义Laguerre多项式级数，提出了一种新的Laplace变换的数值反演方法，这种方法在精度上和数值稳定性上的效果都较好。     

Development of a spot plow providing complete inversion for effective weed control

Tillage for the "complete inversion" of soil, that is, overturning soil slices 180° was proposed, a "spot plow" was developed and tested to accomplish the task, and a simulation model was evaluated to demonstrate the efficacy of the plow on weed control. A 360 mm wide spot plow was designed to operate at a speed of 1.9 m s⁻¹ for the spot plowing with the least possible lateral displacement of the soil slice by utilizing the inertia of the soil slice and securely rotating it. In field experiments, complete spot inversion required an operating speed of at least 1.6 m s⁻¹; at lower speeds, a portion of the soil block was left half-inverted and further lowering led to considerable lateral displacement. The displacement in the forward and lateral directions was minimal, implying that spot plowing is suitable for potential application to and verification of the weed population dynamics model in the field. A simple linear matrix model of the population dynamics of annual weeds was proposed, whereby four layers of soil were set to describe tillage and other ecological events. The effect of tillage on weed control was evaluated by the equilibrium reproduction rate allowed to sustain a stable population of weeds. The simulation model showed that alternately changing the depth of spot plowing had a significant effect on controlling weeds of low-survival-rate seeds, even when some incomplete inversion of the soil slice was taken into account.     

COMPARISON OF FLUID-ATTENUATED INVERSION RECOVERY AND T2-WEIGHTED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGES IN DOGS AND CATS WITH SUSPECTED BRAIN DISEASE

To compare fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in small animal patients with suspected brain disease, paired sets of FLAIR and T2-weighted MR images of 116 dogs and cats were reviewed separately without any patient information. Images were rated as normal or abnormal using a five-point scale, and the distribution, signal intensity, and anatomic location of abnormalities were recorded. In 60 animals, both FLAIR and T2-weighted images were normal. In 50 animals, the same abnormalities were identified in both FLAIR and T2-weighted images. Overall, very good agreement was found between FLAIR and T2-weighted MR images (kappa = 0.88). FLAIR images had abnormalities that were not recognized in the corresponding T2-weighted images in six of 116 examinations (5%). In four of these, the abnormalities in FLAIR images were thought to represent pathology, including granulomatous meningoencephalitis in one dog, postictal edema in one dog, and undiagnosed lesions in two dogs. In the remaining two examinations, the abnormalities in FLAIR images were probably artifacts. No examples were found of intracranial abnormalities in T2-weighted images that were not visible in FLAIR images. In this study, acquiring FLAIR images in addition to T2-weighted images resulted in detection of otherwise occult abnormalities in relatively few patients.     

单基线PolInSAR森林高度反演方法研究

极化干涉SAR(Polarimetric SAR interferometry,PolInSAR)森林高度反演是当前雷达遥感领域的研究热点,近年来出现了多种单基线PolInSAR森林高度反演方法。为了给单基线PolInSAR反演森林高度的算法提供基础,并探索和发展效果更优的反演方法,使用Pol SARpro软件模拟森林平均高度为18 m的L波段(L=23 cm)全极化干涉SAR数据,研究了森林高度反演算法中的DEM差分法、RVoG法、复相干幅度反演法、混合反演法,并基于相干优化法对混合反演法进行了改进;为了更准确地对算法的性能进行比较,给出方位向为48 bin时各算法的距离向剖面的对比图,并选取图像的中间区域,对森林高度位于3~30 m的1 104个样本点,应用均值和均方根误差RSME对5种方法模拟的18 m森林高度进行比较。结果表明:森林高度平均值反演结果由大到小依次为:复相干幅度反演法、混合反演法、改进的混合反演法、RVoG法、DEM差分法,分别为19.40、18.31、18.12、10.55、10.05 m,均方根误差(RMSE)由小到大依次为:改进的混合反演法、混合反演法、复相干幅度反演法、RVoG法、DEM差分法,分别为1.06、1.48、3.49、7.51、8.04 m;说明DEM差分法与RVoG法反演的森林高度存在明显低估,复相干反演法出现明显高估且其离散程度最大,混合反演法和改进的混合反演法与真实值的误差分别为0.31、0.12 m,改进的混合反演法与真实值的相差最小,离散程度最小,均方根误差最小,反演结果最优。改进的混合反演法综合了混合反演法与相干优化法的优点,使其估计的地形相位的均方根误差最小(0.045 rad),森林高度与真实值的误差最小,均方根误差最小,并且具有一定的鲁棒性。     

基于植被供水指数的藏北地区土壤湿度反演研究

【目的】利用光学遥感数据获取的植被供水指数来反演西藏那曲地区的土壤湿度,结合高分辨率的遥感数据(GF-1)和中低分辨率的遥感数据(Landsat、MODIS)分别建立土壤湿度反演模型,通过比较不同空间尺度反演模型的精度和适用性,拓宽国产高分遥感数据在农牧业信息定量获取等方面的应用范围,为"天地网一体化"的现代农业信息获取和农情信息遥感监测提供理论基础。【方法】以西藏那曲地区为研究区,以代表高、中、低分辨率卫星数据的高分一号(GF-1)、Landsat-8及MODIS影像数据和土壤湿度实测数据为数据源,利用植被供水指数(Vegetation Supply Water Index,VSWI)构建土壤湿度反演模型,比较3种遥感影像在反演土壤湿度方面的差异。【结果】(1)VSWI反演土壤湿度的最佳深度为10 cm左右;(2)基于GF-1、Landsat-8和MODIS构建的反演模型得到的土壤湿度预测值与实测值的均方根误差分别为5.145、5.227和6.298,可见GF-1和Landsat-8的反演效果相当,均优于MODIS的反演效果;GF-1土壤反演模型的拟合效果最佳;(3)研究区土壤湿度在空间上呈东南向西北递减的趋势,与实地采样点的土壤湿度分布趋势一致,说明利用高分辨率遥感数据监测土壤湿度是可行的。【结论】利用GF-1遥感数据和植被供水指数可以实现对藏北地区的土壤湿度反演,研究结果可以为干旱或者半干旱地区大范围的土壤墒情监测提供理论依据和实践参考。