畦田Philip入渗参数和田面综合糙率同步推求

以水量平衡原理为基础,通过对畦灌地表水面线的概化,并将Philip入渗公式等同为α=0.5的Kostiakov修正模型,由此建立了利用畦灌水流推进过程同步推求Philip土壤入渗参数和田面综合糙率的模型.结合文献资料和大田试验对所建模型进行验证,并采用Matlab软件求解,得出不同地表储水形状系数σh下的入渗参数和糙率,并分别对入渗参数和田面综合糙率的可靠性进行了验证,结果表明所建模型同步推求土壤入渗参数和田面综合糙率是可靠的,并且计算方便,精度较高.     

砂土中粘土夹层对入渗过程影响的试验分析

对水在高渗透性砂内入渗过程中,其内部的低渗透性粘土夹层对入渗过程的影响进行了室内垂直一维入渗试验。通过分析定性得出粘土夹层对入渗过程的影响体现为减渗作用,表现为粘土夹层将均质粗砂中的非线性入渗过程变为夹层内的线性入渗过程,使夹层范围的入渗为一个具有较小入渗率和较小湿润锋推进速度的稳渗阶段。     

环境因子对土壤水分渗透特征的影响

采用双环法,研究不同地形条件(坡度、坡位、坡向)、降雨等因子对土壤渗透特征的影响。研究结果表明,土壤渗透速率具有明显的坡面垂直变异规律,随着坡度的增加,土壤的渗透速率减小,达到稳渗的时间延长,但是坡度大于20°以后,稳渗速率反而升高;阳坡土壤的初渗速率大于阴坡,而阴坡土壤的稳渗速率大于阳坡;不同坡位条件下的试验表现出从坡上部到坡下部,土壤渗透速率随坡位下移呈逐渐降低的趋势;降雨前土壤的初渗速率和稳渗速率均大于降雨后土壤的初渗速率和稳渗速率,降雨前土壤达到稳渗所需时间比降雨后长。     

诗画对中国古典园林的影响

中国古典园林深受绘画、诗词和文学的影响.中国古典园林一直是循着绘画的脉络发展起来的.绘画理论对于造园起了很大的指导作用,诗词也对中国造园艺术影响至深.本文论述、分析了诗歌、绘画对中国造园艺术的影响,体现出中国古典园林艺术追求诗情画意的美学意味和独特的美学传统.     

毛乌素沙地土壤水分特征曲线和入渗性能的研究

采用张力计法测定了毛乌素沙地低吸力段土壤水分特征曲线,并用θ=aψ-b模型进行了拟合,分析了各层次土壤的持水和供水能力.结果显示0～20 cm的土壤持水能力最差,但供水能力最强,40～60 cm的土壤持水能力最强,供水能力一般;当土壤吸力达到0.06～0.08 MPa,即土壤容积含水率在1%～3%时,比水容量就已达到了10-1级,标志着土壤水分处于难效水阶段,植物利用比较困难;在室内采用环刀法测定了沙地土壤水分的入渗率,结果显示有植被覆盖的试验区的初始入渗率、稳定入渗率和累积入渗量都比无植被覆盖的对照区大,说明该地区植被对土壤水分的消耗影响显著.     

北京九龙山林地对降雨的调蓄功能*

对北京九龙山油松林、侧柏林、阴坡灌木林、阳坡灌木林的林冠层、枯落物层及土壤层对降雨的调蓄功能进行了研究，结果表明：四种不同林地的林冠截持率为２２％～３２％，大暴雨下的截持率为７％～１０％；枯落物层的有效调蓄为０．４６～２．４２ｍｍ；５０ｃｍ土层的快速、慢速和变化调蓄量分别为３５～４８ｍｍ；５４～４８ｍｍ，２８～５２ｍｍ；四种林地调蓄功能的顺序从大到小为油松林、阴坡灌木林、阳坡灌木林、侧柏林。     

Impacts of fractal features of soil on moisture infiltration capacity of typical stands in Jinyun mountain of Chongqing city

The soil structure was expressed with fractal dimensions of particle size distribution (PSD), aggregate size distribution (ASD), and soil pore size distribution (SPD). The effect of soil fractal features on soil infiltration velocity and process was studied. The result of the fractal feature shows that fractal dimensions of PSD are obviously greater than those of ASD and SPD, and in different soil genetic horizons, the fractal dimension of ASD has the greatest variability, and shows a downtrend on the top-to-bottom genetic horizon. According to the soil infiltration process curve, the infiltration process was divided into three phases: (1) the initial phase (0–5 min), (2) the transition phase (5–30 min), and (3) the stable phase (30–180 min). In the initial phase of infiltration, the soil structure of soil genetic horizon A was the major influencing factor; in the transition phase of infiltration, the pore distribution of soil horizon AB and soil structure of horizon B were the major influencing factors; in the stable phase of infiltration, the soil structure of horizon C was the major influencing factor to the infiltration velocity. Soil infiltration process is influenced comprehensively by soil PSD, ASD, and SPD. In the overall soil water infiltration, the infiltration in shrub forest land was much faster than that in other land uses, and in the initial infiltration phase, arable land soil infiltration was much faster than that in forest land, and in the stable infiltration phase, the infiltration velocity in forest land was faster than that in arable land. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2006, 28(3): 73–78 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

不同森林-土壤类型在水源林生态系统中的作用

水源林是森林水文学的研究主体和实践区域,丘陵山区开发利用首先要解决水源林布局问题,使之达到生态平衡。文章探讨了不同的森林—土壤类型及其水源涵养能力,阐述了森林—土壤类型在森林生态系统中的基本核心功能,特别是林地土壤内的重力水库容在其中担负着重大的作用,并初步提出了营建和改造水源林的建议。     

DISPERSAL PATTERN OF INJECTATE FOLLOWING CT‐GUIDED PERINEURAL INFILTRATION IN THE CANINE THORACOLUMBAR SPINE: A CADAVER STUDY

An increasing proportion of canine patients are presented with chronic thoracolumbar back pain and without compressive spinal lesions. In humans, spinal perineural infiltrations have been reported to have a favorable effect on pain control. The purpose of this prospective cadaver study was to describe the dispersal pattern of injectate following CT‐guided spinal perineural infiltration in the canine thoracolumbar region. Seven fresh canine cadavers were first scanned using multislice CT and then CT‐guided spinal perineural infiltration was performed at 42 sites from T13/L1 to L6/L7. The injectate for each site was a mixture of new methylene blue and iodinated contrast medium. Immediately following CT‐guided injection, cadavers were frozen, cut, and dissected macro‐ and mesoscopically (using a magnifying glass) to identify anatomic structures that were infiltrated. In the majority of sites (64.3%), complete epidural and hypaxial staining of spinal nerve components (including the spinal ganglion, trunk, and ventral branch) was successfully achieved. However, no (11.9%) or unpredictable staining (9.5%) of nervous tissue occurred in some sites despite careful CT guidance and the application of relatively large volumes of injectate. Optimal results were achieved when the needle tip was positioned periforaminally ventral to the cranial contour of the cranial articular process. Findings from this ex vivo study indicated that CT‐guided spinal perineural infiltration is feasible for testing in the canine thoracolumbar region and that successful nerve tissue infiltration would likely occur in the majority of sites. Future in vivo studies are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of this technique.     

咸淡轮灌和生物炭对滨海盐渍土水盐运移特征的影响

为利用滨海地区微咸水改良盐渍土,进行了不同咸淡水轮灌(淡淡、淡咸、咸淡、咸咸)和施用生物炭(0、15、30 t/hm^2)的室内入渗试验,探讨了咸淡轮灌和生物炭施用下滨海盐渍土水盐运移过程。结果表明:滨海盐渍土水分运动主要受初始入渗水质的影响,先咸后淡的轮灌方式更有利于土壤水分入渗,入渗速率增加了8.2%~46.9%,并小幅提高了土壤含水率;生物炭可促进咸淡轮灌下的水分运移,增加了相同时间内的湿润锋距离、累计入渗量、入渗速率及入渗后的土壤含水率,添加量为15 t/hm^2时入渗增益最佳,入渗速率提高了3.5%~22.0%;淡咸和咸淡处理的土壤含盐量均低于咸咸处理,脱盐率和脱盐区深度系数更高,咸淡处理可增加脱盐率,而淡咸处理可提高脱盐区深度系数;生物炭有利于咸淡轮灌下的土壤盐分淋洗,脱盐率和脱盐区深度系数分别提高了9.1%~15.0%和1.1%~7.5%,并增加了Ca^2+和Mg^2+含量,促进Na+淋洗,进而降低了微咸水利用风险,但在30 t/hm^2时盐分淋洗效果有所减弱。研究表明,添加15 t/hm^2生物炭配合微咸水-淡水轮灌能够改善滨海盐渍土的入渗特性、持水能力和盐分分布,可为该区盐渍土和微咸水开发利用提供参考。