刘黄沟泥石流成因及防治对策

本文全面系统地研究了刘黄沟小流域泥石流成因及防治对策。刘黄沟流域内具有丰富的土砂石块和陕峻的地形,又遇有暴雨,是发生泥石流的原因。对于泥石流,应以预防为主,并采取生物措施与工程措施相结合的综合治理方法。     

Holocene sediment budgets for upland catchments: The problem of soilscape model and data availability

This study presents a Holocene sediment budget for the upland catchment of the Speyerbach in the Palatinate Forest, southwestern Germany. The influences of both, data availability and the choice of an appropriate soilscape model on the sediment budget calculations are investigated. For budget calculations the spatial distribution of soils was derived from the soil map 1:50,000. Thickness values of soil truncation and colluvial burial were extracted from two soil data sets with varying information content. Data processing contained a disaggregation of the soil map with the help of land use data. In order to model the sediment budget a reference soil thickness (a so-called soilscape model), which represents the initial conditions is necessary. As upland soils are developed in periglacial solifluction sheets, the main solifluction sheet (MSS, “Hauptlage”) showing a constant thickness and being affected by soil forming processes was chosen.     

Aeolian transport over a developing transverse dune

The spatial and temporal changes in aeolian transport over a dune are fundamental factors that control the morphology of the dune.In the present study,we obtained direct field observations of aeolian transport over a developing transverse dune at the Shapotou Aeolian Experiment Site in the southeastern part of China’s Tengger Desert.The transport rate versus wind speed relationship is complicated over a developing dune compared with the relationships over flat surfaces and over dunes that are in equilibrium with the wind.We obtained trend lines for transport rate over the transverse dune versus distance.The transport rate generally increased from the toe to the crest above the stoss slope,but the difference in transport rate between the crest and the toe was smaller than those that have been proposed for taller dunes.The crest/toe ratio for transport rates therefore seems to depend greatly on dune height.Flux density profiles for different points above the dune at different wind speeds were well described by the exponential decay law,as has been proposed for saltation flux density profiles.Coefficients in the flux density profile function can be defined in terms of the transport rate and wind speed.However,the dependence of relative decay rate with height and average saltation height on wind speed was weaker than that observed in a wind tunnel and above a flat surface.The preliminary results obtained in this study require more evidence from field observations to fully describe aeolian transport above developing dunes.     

近35年松嫩沙地风沙-植被动态演变及模拟预测

在全球气候变化与人类活动影响下,松嫩沙地风沙—植被发生了明显变化。基于Landsat系列影像与该区气象、社会经济数据,分析了1980—2015年松嫩沙地风沙—植被动态演变过程及驱动因素,并对其未来发展变化进行了模拟预测。结果表明:近35 a该区风沙地貌面积呈波动增加趋势,净增355.00 km²,变幅21.43%,其中2000年达最大值,而后持续减少;植被覆盖面积总体减少了812.29 km²,其中,高、低植被覆盖区面积呈波动减少趋势,分别减少了7 919.35,15 479.84 km²,而中植被覆盖区面积呈增加趋势,净增22 587.90 km²;风沙覆盖面积与低植被覆盖区面积呈显著负相关。根据预测,到2020年松嫩沙地风沙地貌面积仍呈减少趋势,植被覆盖面积有所增加,尤其低植被覆盖区面积增长明显,达4 292.95 km²。松嫩沙地风沙—植被动态演变受控于区域气候变化和社会经济发展,且与社会经济因素相关性较强。研究为松嫩沙地风沙治理及区域持续发展提供科学依据。     

Soil-geomorphic significance of land surface characteristics in an arid mountain range,Mojave Desert,USA

Mountains comprise an extensive and visually prominent portion of the landscape in the Mojave Desert, California. Landform surface properties influence the role these mountains have in geomorphic processes such as dust flux and surface hydrology across the region. The primary goal of this study was to describe and quantify land surface properties of arid-mountain landforms as a step toward unraveling the role these properties have in soil-geomorphic processes. As part of a larger soil-geomorphic study, four major landform types were identified within the southern Fry Mountains in the southwestern Mojave Desert on the basis of topography and landscape position: mountaintop, mountainflank, mountainflat (intra-range low-relief surface), and mountainbase. A suite of rock, vegetation, and morphometric land surface characteristic variables was measured at each of 65 locations across the study area, which included an associated piedmont and playa. Our findings show that despite the variation within types, landforms have distinct land surface properties that likely control soil-geomorphic processes. We hypothesize that surface expression influences a feedback process at this site where water transports sediment to low lying areas on the landscape and wind carries dust and soluble salts to the mountains where they are washed between rocks, incorporated into the soil, and retained as relatively long-term storage. Recent land-based video and satellite photographs of the dust cloud emanating from the Sierra Cucapá Mountains in response to the 7.2-magnitude earthquake near Mexicali, Mexico, support the hypothesis that these landforms are massive repositories of dust.     

Fluvial development and the sediment regime of the lower Calder,Ribble catchment,northwest England

In the lower reaches of the Calder (Lancashire) tributary of the Ribble catchment (northwest England), five river terraces set into the surrounding glacial terrain have been mapped and their underlying sediments radiocarbon dated. The earliest terrace (T1) reflects sandur-style deposition during deglaciation and it aggraded in a reach cut into glacial diamict and glaciolacustrine muds. Incision below T1 spanned the start of the Holocene, driven by a combination of reduced sediment supply under a stabilising landscape and lower base-levels. T2 had aggraded and was being abandoned by 4000 BC; its formation latterly involving a period of comparative stability in terms of channel migration, perhaps a function of extensive forest cover and sea levels reaching above present day levels. The last 3000 years were marked by substantial changes in the sedimentary regime, with increased and varying sediment supply driving cycles of cut-and-fill and greater lateral channel migration. These changes coincided with the first widespread and substantial reductions in forest cover and a progression towards an agricultural landscape. Between the aggradation of terraces T3 and T4 there was a substantial increase in sediment supply, which is broadly in keeping with the erosion history in the surrounding uplands. This sediment slug appears to have induced a switch from highly sinuous meandering to lower sinuosity channels characterised by lateral scroll-style migration. Late Holocene vegetation changes, particularly woodland removal, driven by anthropogenic land-pressure appear to have rendered the floodplain prone to channel migration and the landscape more susceptible to erosion.     

黄土高原小流域重力侵蚀数值模拟

为研究黄土高原小流域重力侵蚀机理,采用fish语言编写多层复杂地形建模的前处理程序,对多层复杂地形建模进行了二次开发。从力学稳定性角度,采用有限差分FLAC3D软件对黄土高原小流域概化模型进行重力侵蚀机理研究,分析了流域重力侵蚀的发育过程,并对小流域位移场和应力场进行了数值模拟。结果表明：建立的三维模型能真实地表现小流域地形、地貌,仿真效果良好。小流域重力侵蚀过程分为发育期、成熟期和稳定期3个阶段,沟头溯源区是小流域侵蚀最强烈的部位;凹形的边坡整体几何形态利于边坡稳定,减缓了重力侵蚀的发生程度。建模方法和数值模拟结果可应用到重力侵蚀研究中,为推动流域侵蚀产沙时空规律研究的深入发展和小流域水土流失综合治理以及生态环境建设提供科学依据。     

河西沙区新月形沙丘形态参数观测

新月形沙丘广泛分布于世界各沙漠,是最基本的沙丘形态之一。国内外众多学者对沙丘形态参数间的关系研究表明沙丘高度和宽度间存在线性关系。通过对河西沙区巴丹吉林沙漠和腾格里沙漠边缘典型新月形沙丘形态的高精度测量,并结合前人对民勤地区新月形沙丘的观测数据,用最小二乘法拟合发现高度和宽度呈正比例关系。并与库姆塔格沙漠5个新月形沙丘的比例系数比较,发现不同自然环境条件下发育的新月形沙丘的比例系数不一致,该系数可以作为描述新月形沙丘的一个特征参数。     

Are River Styles ecologically meaningful? A test of the ecological significance of a geomorphic river characterization scheme

• 1. Classification is a useful tool for researchers and managers wishing to group functionally similar sites or to identify unique or threatened habitats. A process‐based river classification scheme that successfully integrates physical and biological aspects of lotic form and function would enhance conservation and restoration efforts by allowing more meaningful comparisons among sites, and improving functional understanding of lotic ecosystems.
• 2. The River Styles framework provides a geomorphological river characterization scheme in which assemblages of geomorphic units vary for differing River Styles, presenting differing arrays of aquatic habitat diversity for each style.
• 3. The ecological significance of the River Styles framework is tested by comparing the macroinvertebrate assemblages and habitat characteristics of pool and run geomorphic units for three different River Styles on the north coast of New South Wales, Australia.
• 4. Multivariate ordinations and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) revealed that macroinvertebrate community structure differed between Bedrock‐Controlled Discontinuous Floodplain rivers and Gorge rivers, and between Bedrock‐Controlled Discontinuous Floodplain and Meandering Gravel Bed rivers, especially in pools. Differences between Gorge and Meandering Gravel Bed rivers were less apparent, largely due to variations within the Meandering Gravel Bed rivers group.
• 5. The variability in macroinvertebrate assemblage structure among geomorphic units was most strongly related to variability in substrate and hydraulic variables. Substrate composition differed significantly among all River Styles and geomorphic units, but other habitat variables showed few consistent differences among River Style groups.
• 6. These results suggest that the ecological similarity of macroinvertebrate communities within River Styles may presently be limited because some important large‐scale drivers of local habitat conditions are not included in River Styles designations. Integrating River Styles classification with other large‐scale variables reflecting stream size, temperature and hydrological regime may produce a process‐based physical classification capable of identifying river reaches with similar ecological structure and function.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.