P5和SPOT5影像在全国土地调查中的应用

利用不同传感器、不同时相但具有相同分辨率的影像各自特点提取地物,可以达到较好的解译效果。首先对P5影像进行正射校正,与SPOT5影像精确配准。根据不同地物在SPOT5与P5影像上的影像特征分别建立解译标志并进行对比,通过比较根据SPOT5提取地物和SPOT5与P5二者共同使用提取地物与外业实地调查相比的精度,发现利用现势性好的经过校正后的P5影像与SPOT5配合使用,勾绘道路,耕地,工矿用地和新增地物的边线,可以提高解译精度,为外业提供准确的定位信息,而对于其他地类如林地、灌木林地、草地等,则需根据光谱信息丰富的SPOT5进行解译。     

海岸风沙地貌分类研究现状

地处水陆交界地带的海岸地区,自然地理环境复杂,人类活动频繁,影响海岸风沙活动的自然及人为因素复杂多样;同时由于海岸风沙地貌分布的广泛性、区域的差异性、研究区域的不同和分类角度的差异等原因,故而到目前为止,对于海岸风沙地貌的分类,仍然存在着多种多样的分类系统。在现有国内外海岸风沙地貌的分类研究的基础上,进行了简单回顾,并指出了现有的海岸风沙地貌分类的不足和发展趋势。     

水土保持学科理论体系初探

以可持续发展为指导,在总结我国防治水土流失、进行水土保持经验的基础上,阐述了建立水土保持学科理论体系的必要性、水土保持的概念和实质、学科理论发展的历史和研究意义,着重讨论了水土保持学科理论的主要研究内容,认为应包括:水土流失的地貌学理论研究、水土保持的生态系统控制理论研究、水土保持的系统工程技术与方法研究。     

沟蚀发生的地貌临界理论计算中数据获取方法及应用

沟蚀发生是一种地貌临界现象,与沟头处局地坡度及上方汇水面积有关,而沟蚀发生地貌临界理论能够预测沟头可能发生的位置。该文从沟蚀发生地貌临界理论起源、数据获取方式、参数计算方法、影响因素及应用等方面综合评述了该理论的发展及近年来国内外的有关研究。数据获取方式主要包括野外实测、高清遥感影像及地形图测量。参数计算方法包括目视(下限值)法、正交回归(95%置信区间下限)、正交回归(下限值)及分位数回归等。相对剪切力指数值反映区域主要的沟蚀发生机制,临界常数值反映当前特定外界环境下的沟蚀发生临界条件。将相对剪切力指数固定后,临界常数的时间序列变化能够表征外界环境改变对沟蚀发生的影响。人类活动改变了沟头上方汇流环境,进而影响临界条件。沟蚀发生地貌临界理论可获取沟道侵蚀风险较大的区域,为沟道侵蚀防治措施布设提供参考。结合高分辨率地形图,增加表征人类活动影响汇流过程的参数能够丰富沟蚀发生地貌临界理论。该理论与已有沟道侵蚀发展模型结合,可将沟头发生位置和沟道发展过程统一,促进沟道侵蚀全过程的模拟。     

Using Local Archive Sources to Reconstruct Historical Landslide Occurrence in Selected Urban REgions of the Czech Republic: Examples from Regions with Different Historical Development

Historical documentary sources from two regions with contrasting historical and social development were examined for information about landslide occurrence and characteristics. The archive search was complemented with limited field work to acquire information about the degree of recent landslide activity and land use. The results from two study areas (Ústí nad Labem in North Bohemia and Zlín in East Moravia) show considerable differences in the types of historical documentary source, their availability and the information they record. It is concluded that local newspapers that include special sections focusing on regional events are the best data sources for the landslide study. The reliability of the acquired historical landslide occurrence frequencies is generally not very good, but it does show notable regional differences caused by not only the availability of documentary sources but also the dynamics of the natural processes responsible for the landslide events. A reconstruction of the landslide activity during the last 70 or more years was carried out for selected sites. The reconstruction showed that the occurrence of historical landslides is only rarely respected in recent land use within both studied urban areas. Historical landslide information could be well used for site‐specific landslide hazard assessment. Nevertheless, the use of this information to construct a historical landslide database on the regional or country level is limited only to certain regions of the Czech Republic. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地貌形态对农业生产的影响及对策研究

指出了我国地貌类型复杂多样,地貌形态的变化直接影响着农业生产。基于此,运用自然地域分异规律,选择地形要素分析了地貌形态对农业生产的影响,提出了利用有利地形改造不利地形、防治水土流失、因地制宜发展农业生产,以期为农业区划和农业作物布局提供决策依据。     

关于农业地貌研究

系统总结了农业地貌中的4个主要的研究内容,即地形要素、地貌类型、地表组成物质和现代地貌过程与农业生产的关系,并指出了农业地貌研究的5个趋势。     

喀斯特石漠化及土地利用变化的地貌分异特征——以贵州省关岭贞丰花江石漠化综合示范区为例

[目的]探讨石漠化地区土地利用变化的地貌分异特征,揭示不同地貌条件下的土地利用时空变化的特征和规律,为石漠化地区土地的合理利用提供科学参照。[方法]以贵州省关岭贞丰花江石漠化综合示范区为例,运用GIS和RS技术,基于2005,2010和2013年3个时期的土地利用数据、石漠化数据和地貌数据,运用地形分布指数、土地利用程度综合指数,对研究区土地利用变化的地貌分异进行研究。[结果]①在2005—2013年间,喀斯特地区草地、建设用地、林地、未利用地和水域的面积有所增加,耕地、园地的面积在减少;石漠化的面积有所减少,石漠化程度正在逐渐减轻。②不同地貌条件下,每一个土地利用类型都有其存在的优势分布区;各土地利用类型的地貌分异基本稳定。③土地利用程度的地貌分异特征趋于稳定;2005—2013年,土地利用程度大小表现为:侵蚀台地峰丛洼地丘峰台地Ⅴ型峡谷溶蚀—侵蚀陡坡。④不同地貌条件下不同石漠化等级在各土地类型中的分布方面,由侵蚀台地、峰丛洼地、丘峰台地、Ⅴ型峡谷、溶蚀—侵蚀陡坡地貌的石漠化土地类型分布来看,石漠化主要发生在耕地、林地、园地和未利用地4种土地利用上,水域不存在石漠化现象;2005—2013年,石漠化在不同地貌条件的地类中总体呈较好转变。[结论]每一土地利用类型都有其分布的优势地貌区;不同地貌条件下,石漠化在不同土地利用类型上的分布存在差异,主要发生在耕地、林地、园地和未利用地4种土地利用类型区域。     

Bison and Cattle Grazing Impacts on Grassland Stream Morphology in the Flint Hills of Kansas

Despite a shift from yr-round bison grazing throughout the Great Plains before European settlement to extensive seasonal cattle grazing, little is known about ungulate grazing impacts on grassland streams. In this study we 1) determine whether grazing management is a significant driver of grassland stream morphology within the Flint Hills Ecoregion (Kansas, United States); 2) determine if yr-round bison grazing (the precolonial condition) and seasonal cattle grazing (the currently dominant grazing practice in the region) result in distinct stream morphology; and 3) determine if the introduction of cattle into ungrazed watersheds produces significant changes to channel morphology. We use a replicated watershed-scale study design and survey 17 streams across four grazing treatments (ungrazed, long-term bison grazed [yr-round], long-term cattle grazed [seasonal], and newly cattle grazed [seasonal]). Baseline geomorphic surveys were completed in 2010 following consistent grazing management since 1992, and resurveys were completed in 2011 and 2013 to determine short-term grazing impacts. Under the conditions of the experiment, we did not detect significant differences (P > 0.10) in channel morphology or stream bed substrate size among grazing treatments following nearly 2 decades of consistent grazing management. Cattle introduction into ungrazed watersheds resulted in modest (P < 0.05) stream widening (0.19 m, 3.9%) following two grazing seasons. Bison grazed watersheds also experienced modest (P < 0.05) stream widening (0.20 m, 5.1%) during the resurvey period. Stream widening from 2010 to 2013 within newly cattle-grazed and long-term bison-grazed treatments indicates that cattle and bison are capable of producing moderate alterations to grassland stream morphology over short time periods. However, longer time periods containing more diverse hydrologic conditions may be necessary to generate larger geomorphic changes between surveys. Although we detected modest changes to stream morphology in response to grazing over short time periods, overall, stream morphology does not vary among grazing treatments in the study area.     

Integrating ecology with hydromorphology: a priority for river science and management

• 1. The assessment of links between ecology and physical habitat has become a major issue in river research and management. Key drivers include concerns about the conservation implications of human modifications (e.g. abstraction, climate change) and the explicit need to understand the ecological importance of hydromorphology as prescribed by the EU's Water Framework Directive. Efforts are focusing on the need to develop ‘eco‐hydromorphology’ at the interface between ecology, hydrology and fluvial geomorphology. Here, the scope of this emerging field is defined, some research and development issues are suggested, and a path for development is sketched out.
• 2. In the short term, major research priorities are to use existing literature or data better to identify patterns among organisms, ecological functions and river hydromorphological character. Another early priority is to identify model systems or organisms to act as research foci. In the medium term, the investigation of pattern–processes linkages, spatial structuring, scaling relationships and system dynamics will advance mechanistic understanding. The effects of climate change, abstraction and river regulation, eco‐hydromorphic resistance/resilience, and responses to environmental disturbances are likely to be management priorities. Large‐scale catchment projects, in both rural and urban locations, should be promoted to concentrate collaborative efforts, to attract financial support and to raise the profile of eco‐hydromorphology.
• 3. Eco‐hydromorphological expertise is currently fragmented across the main contributory disciplines (ecology, hydrology, geomorphology, flood risk management, civil engineering), potentially restricting research and development. This is paradoxical given the shared vision across these fields for effective river management based on good science with social impact. A range of approaches is advocated to build sufficient, integrated capacity that will deliver science of real management value over the coming decades.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.