Does returning sites of historic peri‐urban waste disposal to vegetable production pose a risk to human health? – A case study near Manchester,UK

Urban waste disposal occurred on fenland to the west of Manchester, England, between 1900 and 1964. The reclaimed fenland, Chat Moss, is now used for mixed arable farming. A total of 1.92 Mt of waste including privy midden, street sweepings, clinkers and slaughterhouse refuse was incorporated into the moss resulting in a modified topsoil with raised pH and reduced organic matter content compared with the subsoil. Elevated levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are observed in the topsoil beyond the typical depth of atmospheric contamination; Cd and As concentrations exceed soil guideline values (SGVs) at 1.8 and 43 mg/kg, respectively. Sequential extraction indicates that waste‐derived Pb, Zn and Ni remain predominantly in the residual fraction, whereas Cu was mainly organically bound. Arsenic was predominately found in oxide and organic matter fractions with Cd in carbonate, oxide, organic matter and residual fractions. Pot trials indicated limited uptake of PTEs by vegetables grown on the waste‐amended soil, with the exception of Cd uptake by lettuce (0.22 mg/kg FW) and Pb uptake by radish (0.16 mg/kg FW), which exceeded current EU limits of 0.2 and 0.1 mg/kg FW, respectively. Hazard quotients (HQs) identified no risks to adults from consumption of vegetables grown in these soils with the exception of lettuce consumption with a HQ of 1.4. Risks to children were slightly greater with HQs >1 for Cd in lettuce, spinach, carrots and onion, As in lettuce, parsley and onion and for Zn in spinach.     

Calcium requirements for peanuts

Abstract

Surface soils from ten soil series representing five great groups were collected from Alaska. These soils were selected from the important agricultural areas covering a wide geographic distribution. These soils can be divided into two distinct groups based on their parent material: loess and volcanic ash. Phosphorus sorption maxima were calculated based on the Langmuir isotherms. The volcanic ash soils (Cryandept and Cryorthods) showed an average P‐sorption maxima of 10,122 mg/kg and loess soils averaged 3,934 mg/kg. Both groups have similar portions of phosphorus in the organic form (19%) and occluded form (8 to 9%). The nonoccluded‐P in the volcanic ash soils and the loess soils was 68% and 43% respectively, and the Calcium‐P was 4% and 29% respectively.

Regression analysis indicated that aluminum and iron are primarily responsible for P‐sorption. The dithionite extractable Al is responsible for P‐sorption in volcanic ash soils, while oxalate extractable Al is responsible for P‐sorption in loess soils. Dithionite and oxalate extractable Fe probably play a secondary role in P‐sorption. The sorption isotherm, regression analysis and the P‐fractionation data provide the agronomist with useful information to estimate P requirement of newly cleared soils.     

Extraction of calcium fractions from plant material

Abstract

Calcium was extracted from leaves sequentially with water, 0.5M sodium nitrate, 2M acetic acid and 2M hydrochloric acid. Water and hydrochloric acid removed well defined fractions; water soluble calcium was mostly present in complexed form; hydrochloric acid removed only calcium oxalate. The results show that some oxalic acid may be produced by acid hydrolysis of plant constitutents during extraction with hydrochloric acid.

Drying of leaves prior to analysis altered the distribution of calcium; water soluble calcium decreased while acetic and hydrochloric acid soluble calcium increased.     

广东韶关主要矿区周边农田土壤铅、镉的形态分布及生物有效性研究

采用改进BCR法和DTPA提取法研究了韶关主要矿区周边农田土壤Pb、Cd的形态分布和生物有效性。结果表明,参照土壤环境质量标准二级标准,韶关主要矿区周边农田土壤Pb、Cd的超标率分别为14.1%和92.3%;参照食品中污染物限量标准,调查的5种蔬菜样品Pb、Cd的超标率分别为57.7%和48.7%。土壤Pb以可还原态为主,占到4种形态和的76.13%,Pb各形态的分布顺序为：可还原态〉残渣态〉可氧化态〉酸提取态;土壤Cd以酸提取态和可还原态为主,占到4种形态和近89%,Cd各形态的分布顺序为：酸提取态〉可还原态〉可氧化态〉残渣态。用DTPA提取得到的土壤Pb、Cd有效态均值分别为24.91、1.29 mg·kg-1。相关性分析表明,除了胡萝卜Cd,5种蔬菜Pb、Cd含量与土壤酸提取态、可还原态、可氧化态及土壤有效态含量显著相关,与土壤pH和有机质相关性不大。逐步回归分析表明,只有土壤残渣态含量对蔬菜Pb、Cd含量影响不显著。     

土壤有机结合态锌的分级及其活性的研究

用 pH9.5 0.1mol/L Na_4P_2O_7和 H_2O_2有效地将土壤有机态锌区分为松结有机态及紧结有机态。松结有机态对负荷水平、培养时间及土壤 pH 等环境因子的反应较紧结有机态更为敏感;同时松结有机态锌对活性锌的贡献远远大于后者。土壤中松结有机态锌与紧结有机态锌的相互转化是直接影响土壤锌的营养供应或污染致毒程度的重要缓冲体系之一。     

湖北省几种土壤的重金属镉、铜形态

研究了湖北省棕红壤、黄棕壤和和黄褐土中重金属镉、铜的形态差异，分析了重金属负荷水平对土壤重金属形态的影响，结果表明：未污染土壤中重金属镉、铜主要为氧化铁结合态和残渣态，占土壤重金属全量的75％以上；交换态镉含量与土壤pH呈负相关，从未污染土、污染土到镉质土，随土壤Cd负荷提高，土壤中交换态、碳酸盐结合态镉的比例增大，有效地提高，残渣态、氧化铁结合态镉的比例降低，土壤中铜有相似的变化趋势。     

土壤有机磷分级研究进展

综述了近20年来国内外学者对土壤有机磷分级研究的概况，系统介绍了不同学者针对各自地区土壤资源特点提出的分级体系及其对土壤有机磷分级的研究结果，指出了其研究结果在评价磷素肥力中的作用及其存在的问题。     

植物油脂超临界CO2萃取脱酸的研究

利用超临界CO2萃取对毛油进行精炼,是一项新的油脂精炼方法。对利用超临界流体萃取技术精制植物油脂进行了探索性研究。结果表明:在一定温度梯度下,提高萃取过程压力,可以获得更高收率的馏分油;超临界流体萃取可以有效脱除植物油脂中的游离脂肪酸和过氧化产物;外观上看超临界流体萃取具有较高的脱色能力。超临界CO2萃取作为一种新兴“绿色分离技术”,与传统的分离技术相比有着明显的优势,在油脂加工中将具有广阔的应用前景。     

砂土磷素动态及磷肥效应研究

砂土供磷特性及磷肥效应的研究结果表明,砂土磷的活度在0.64～1.39之间,土壤磷素活性高低的顺序为轻砂潮土>细砂潮土>粗砂潮土。砂土磷素形态以无机磷为主,有机磷甚少,仅占全磷含量的8.84%,无机磷占91.15%。无机磷形态组成以磷酸钙为主,Ca-P 平均为无机磷总量的86.1%,O-P 占9.6%,Al-P 占3%,Fe-P 占1.3%,各种形态无机磷与速效磷的关系为:y(速效磷)=49.30x_1(Al-P)+21.854 7x_4(Ca-P)-3.420 9。Al-P 和 Ca-P 对砂土速效磷的贡献具有一定的意义。磷酸铁铝和磷酸钙盐均可以作为砂土磷素的给源。砂土全磷和有效磷的消长决定于磷素收支平衡。施入土壤中磷的形态转化主要受土壤本身性质的制约。磷肥的作用主要在作物生育前期,而在中、后期则更多地吸收利用土壤中的磷素。磷肥肥效随土壤供磷水平和速效磷含量的增高而降低,粗、细砂潮土中磷肥对小麦的肥效分别比轻砂潮土高41.1%和17.7%。     

Organic matter fractions within macroaggregates in response to long-term fertilization in calcareous soil after reclamation

Soil organic carbon(SOC) plays a key role in improving soil quality and optimizing crop yield. Yet little is known about the fate of macroaggregates(0.25 mm) under long-term fertilization and their relative importance in SOC sequestration in reclaimed calcareous soil. Therefore, the effects of mineral fertilizers and organic manure on the mechanisms of organic carbon(OC) stabilization in macroaggregates were investigated in this study. Four treatments were used: unfertilized control(CK), mineral fertilizer(NPK), compost chicken manure alone(M), and mineral fertilizers plus manure(MNPK). Samples from the 0–20 cm layer of soil receiving 11-year-long fertilization were separated into four fractions based on the macroaggregates present(unprotected coarse and fine particulate organic matter, cPOM and fPOM; physically protected intra-microaggregate POM, i POM; and biochemically protected mineral associated OM, MOM) by the physical fractionation method. Compared with the control, the long-term application of NPK had little effect on SOC content, total nitrogen(TN) content, and OC and TN contents of macroaggregate fractions. In contrast, incorporation of organic manure(MNPK) significantly increased SOC(45.7%) and TN(24.3%) contents. Application of MNPK increased OC contents within macroaggregate-extracted fractions of cPOM(292.2%), fPOM(136.0%) and iPOM(124.0%), and TN contents within cPOM(607.1%), fPOM(242.5%) and iPOM(127.6%), but not the mineral associated organic carbon(MOM-C) and nitrogen(MOM-N) contents. Unprotected C fractions were more strongly and positively correlated with SOC increase than protected C fractions, especially for cPOM-C, indicating that SOC sequestration mainly occurred via cPOM-C in the studied calcareous soil. In conclusion, MNPK increased the quantity and stability of SOC by increasing the contents of cPOM-C and cPOM-N, suggesting that this management practice(MNPK) is an effective strategy to develop sustainable agriculture.