江苏里下河地区鸭鱼共养模式研究

[目的]探讨江苏里下河地区半放养情况下鸭鱼共生比例关系。[方法]通过鸭鱼共养试验测定鸭日排粪量和鱼塘中鸭粪的施肥量,并观测正常养鸭情况下河塘水质情况和鱼的生长情况。[结果]每只鸭每天排出153g新鲜粪。鸭粪中干物质含量为44．83％,全氮含量为1．67％,全磷含量为0．92％,全钾含量为1．62％。采用鸭鱼共养模式可以提高江苏里下河地区养殖的综合效益。[结论]鸭鱼共养模式在江苏里下河地区具有较高的推广价值。     

基于还田视角的人粪尿处理研究进展

人粪尿中含有丰富的有机物和N、P、K等矿质营养物质,还田利用不仅可有效降低污水处理系统污染负荷,而且可代替部分化肥,促进绿色农业的发展。然而人粪尿直接还田存在环境风险,且尚未形成标准化处理模式。本文基于还田视角,归纳总结了国内外人粪尿还田技术的应用现状,结合人粪尿的特性,阐述了人粪尿主要处理技术的还田效应以及安全性,并且对各种技术进行了安全评估和比较。结果表明,厌氧消化、好氧堆肥技术在无标准规范下处理人粪不能保证还田的安全性,制备生物炭基肥还田具有安全可靠、减少农业碳排放等环境效益,水热炭化技术处理含水率较高的人粪具有独特的优势。尿液经储存还田仍存在微污染物风险,鸟粪石沉淀技术具有很好替代潜力,其他技术均停留在微污染物去除和营养物质回收的研究阶段。本文提出了人粪尿还田面临的问题和挑战,以及未来的研究方向,以期为人粪尿还田技术的合理选择和标准化、规范化研究提供参考。     

Evaluation of a high-throughput nucleic acid extraction method for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine fecal samples by PCR

Johne’s disease (paratuberculosis) is an economically important disease of cattle worldwide. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), a fastidious gram-positive bacterium. PCR is increasingly used in diagnostic laboratories for the detection of MAP in fecal samples given the rapid test turnaround time and sensitivity and specificity comparable to fecal culture. However, efficient extraction of DNA for sensitive detection of MAP by PCR is affected by the complex lipid-rich cell wall of MAP and the presence of PCR inhibitors in feces. We evaluated a high-throughput nucleic acid extraction method (MagMAX core nucleic acid purification kit with mechanical lysis module) in conjunction with an hspX gene PCR for the detection of MAP from bovine fecal samples, which resulted in correct identification of all negative (13 of 13) and positive (35 of 35) proficiency test samples obtained from the National Veterinary Services Laboratories. In addition, all 6 negative and 50 of 51 positive diagnostic specimens tested were categorized correctly.     

Fecal D- and L-lactate, succinate and volatile fatty acid levels, and relationships with fecal acidity and diarrhea in neonatal calves

To clarify the significance of fecal organic anions in neonatal diarrhea, a total of 252 fecal samples (91 diarrheic, 161 normal) were collected from 136 dairy calves (including three crossbreds) less than 4 weeks old. Fecal pH, D‐ and L‐lactate, succinate and volatile fatty acid (VFA) were analyzed. In normal feces, lactate was highest and VFA was lowest at week 1 of age, and lactate progressively decreased and VFA progressively increased with advancing age. In diarrheic samples, although higher pH and lower lactate levels were confirmed at week 1, samples at weeks 3–4 showed lower pH and VFA accompanied by higher lactate of D and L‐isomers. In diarrhea, fecal butyrate was significantly lower at all stages, but succinate levels did not differ significantly. The proportion of lactate to organic anions (sum of lactate, succinate and VFA) in diarrheic feces was lower at week 1, and higher in weeks 2–4, while that of VFA to organic anions showed the opposite pattern. Strong relationships were observed between fecal pH and lactate, and VFA proportions in organic anions, though the relationship was weak in diarrhea. Most of the elevated lactate was observed in fecal samples with lower VFA. However, succinate had no relationship with VFA or lactate levels.     

不同类型藏羊消化率与采食量的比较研究

采食量是放牧家畜生产性能的重要影响因素,在草地生态系统中起重要作用。夏季在甘南夏河分别选取不同生理类群(羔羊、1岁母羊、2岁母羊、3岁母羊、4岁母羊、羯羊和种公羊)的欧拉型、甘加型和乔科型藏羊各4只进行试验。采用二氧化钛指示剂法与粪氮指数法分别测定藏羊排粪量和牧草有机物质消化率,从而计算放牧采食量,并对特征间的相关性进行研究。结果表明:欧拉型、乔科型和甘加型藏羊的平均放牧采食量分别为1031.93、834.59和956.15 g·d^-1,乔科型藏羊放牧采食量显著(P<0.05)小于欧拉型和甘加型藏羊。3个类型藏羊的每kg代谢体重采食量和干物质采食量占体重比差异均不显著(P>0.05)。欧拉型、乔科型和甘加型藏羊对夏河天然草地牧草的平均有机物质消化率分别为50.79%、47.22%和55.58%。欧拉型、乔科型和甘加型藏羊的平均排粪量分别为561.26、484.06和466.74 g·d^-1,其中欧拉型藏羊的排粪量显著高于其他两个类型。试验在高寒地区天然草地研究不同类型藏羊的排粪量、有机物质消化率和放牧采食量,旨在为该地区放牧藏羊的科学饲养与管理提供理论依据。     

粪源环丙沙星对潮土中抗生素抗性基因的影响

为了探究粪源环丙沙星(Ciprofloxacin, CIP)对潮土中抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)的影响,布置培养试验(81 d),设置5个处理,分别为Ⅰ:CK(对照),Ⅱ:CIP(外源添加CIP),Ⅲ:DF(不含CIP的鸭粪),Ⅳ:DF+CIP(Ⅲ基础上外源添加CIP),Ⅴ:DF(CIP)(粪源CIP)。采用PCR技术分析土壤中6大类27种抗生素抗性基因和4种可移动遗传元件的检出情况,并利用荧光定量PCR技术对检出频率较高的目的基因及总细菌基因(16S rRNA)的绝对丰度进行检测。结果表明:不同处理土壤中共检出6种ARGs(tet G、sulⅠ、qnr A、qnr S、aad A2、aad D)和1种可移动遗传元件(intⅠ),且检测到的目的基因基本一致。DF(CIP)和DF+CIP处理对土壤中细菌和不同种类ARGs的影响不同。DF(CIP)、DF+CIP处理均显著降低了土壤中16S rRNA、tet G的绝对丰度;DF(CIP)处理显著增加了土壤中sulⅠ、aad A2的绝对丰度;DF+CIP处理显著增加了土壤中qnr A的绝对丰度。不同种类的ARGs与intⅠ、土壤理化性质的偏相关性分析表明,土壤中intⅠ与sulⅠ、aad A2呈正相关,与qnr A呈负相关,qnr A与CIP残留量呈正相关,tet G与有机质呈正相关。研究结果可为科学地评价氟喹诺酮类抗生素的环境风险以及粪肥的合理施用提供一定的理论依据。     

Detection of protease genes in field soil applied with liquid livestock feces and speculation on their function and origin

The origin of soil protease in field soil was estimated using culture-dependent and independent approaches. Overall soil protease activity was much higher in field soils with an annual application of liquid livestock feces (120 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 600 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) compared with the activity recorded in other field soils, and the character of the soil proteases became highly homogeneous (approximately 70% metalloprotease in a 600 t field). Selective incubation studies suggested that bacteria were the most important source of soil protease. There were significantly higher correlations between serratial metalloprotease and the overall soil protease in both feces-applied fields in terms of the effect of inhibitors, and the bacteria, which produced serratial metalloprotease, were suggested to proliferate in both the 120 t and 600 t fields. The gene homologous to serratial metalloprotease gene was amplified in directly extracted DNA from field soils using selective DNA primer and proteolytic Serratia marcescens was certified to be one source of soil protease in these field soils. Proteolytic S. marcescens and its metalloprotease gene have occasionally been isolated and detected in field soils applied with raw feces, and have rarely been isolated or detected from other field soils. Proteolytic S. marcescens is believed to be introduced in the raw feces and subsequently colonizes the field soil and replaces the indigenous bacteria in the soil.     

一种用于畜禽粪便发酵的装置

以"一种用于畜禽粪便发酵的装置"为对象,阐述其工作原理、结构组成和功能,并对其发酵特点、发酵过程、发酵效果评价及等进行综述,为畜禽粪便的处理与利用提供参考.     

稻壳降解人体排泄物的研究

［目的］ 用稻壳处理人体排泄物,实现废物的减量化和资源化。［方法］ 采用免水式生物反应器,以稻壳作为反应基质来处理人体排泄物,着重研究反应基质中营养元素的含量变化特征和人体粪便的减量化过程。［结果］ 未粉碎稻壳和粉碎稻壳的干重累积减少率分别为92.40%、81.47%;未粉碎稻壳和粉碎稻壳基质产物中的N、P、K等营养物质含量均较丰富。［结论］ 未粉碎稻壳和粉碎稻壳基质产物可以作为有机肥。     

反刍动物甲烷排放量影响因素的研究进展

反刍动物瘤胃和粪便中产生的甲烷是造成大气温室效应的主要气体之一。但是,粪便中甲烷排放持续期很长,排放数量难以检测,故受到研究者的忽视。作者介绍了反刍动物粪便中甲烷排放量的测定技术,探讨了其排放量的影响因素,指出有必要同时研究瘤胃和粪便中甲烷生成的调控措施。