When large marine predators feed on fisheries catches: Global patterns of the depredation conflict and directions for coexistence

The sustainable mitigation of human–wildlife conflicts has become a major societal and environmental challenge globally. Among these conflicts, large marine predators feeding on fisheries catches, a behaviour termed “depredation,” has emerged concomitantly with the expansion of the world’s fisheries. Depredation poses threats to both the socio‐economic viability of fisheries and species conservation, stressing the need for mitigation. This review synthesizes the extent and socio‐ecological impacts of depredation by sharks and marine mammals across the world, and the various approaches used to minimize it. Depredation was reported in 214 fisheries between 1979 and 2019 (70% post‐2000) and affected fleets from 44 countries, in all sectors (commercial, artisanal and recreational), and in all major fishing techniques (nets, traps and hook‐and‐lines). A total of 68 predator species were involved in depredation (20 odontocetes, 21 pinnipeds and 27 sharks), and most (73%) were subject to either by‐catch and/or retaliatory killing from fishers when interacting with gear. Impacts on fishers were primarily associated with catch losses and gear damage but often lacked assessments. Deterrence was a major mitigation approach but also the least effective. Gear modifications or behavioural adaptation by fishers were more promising. This review highlights the need for improved monitoring, and interdisciplinary and integrated research to quantify the determinants and impacts of depredation in the socio‐ecological dimension. More importantly, as the conflict is likely to escalate, efforts directed towards changing perceptions and integrating knowledge through adaptive co‐management are raised as key directions towards coexistence between fisheries and large marine predators.     

内蒙古达赉湖保护区狼与牧民冲突研究

近年来,狼袭击家畜时有发生,给牧民造成巨大经济损失,狼与牧民冲突日益加剧。2009年4—5月在内蒙古达赉湖保护区通过走访调查开展了狼与牧民冲突的系统研究。结果表明:6年来内蒙古达赉湖保护区牧民和家畜的数量波动较大,狼的数量一直维持在低水平;狼捕食家畜最严重的时期是每年的冬季,以清晨和黄昏最为频繁。狼捕食大型家畜一般都发生在隐蔽条件较好的苇塘边(>90%),捕食其他家畜多发生在居民点(>70%);相关部门未对牧民的损失进行补偿,90%以上的牧民都认为狼是有害动物,其中65%以上的牧民认为狼带来的损失巨大,应进行有计划的捕杀。为了降低狼与牧民的冲突,应改变当前的放牧方式,加强对家畜看护和建立相应的补偿机制等。     

农村土地承包经营权稳定与承包地调整的冲突及解决对策

土地承包经营制是具中国特色的一种土地利用制度,国家长期以来致力于在政策及法律上推进土地承包关系的稳定工作,并多次表示要在稳定的前提下继续完善现行土地承包经营制。但目前土地承包经营制运行中亟待解决的问题之一是承包地调整,土地承包经营权稳定与承包地调整成为土地承包经营制实施中的突出问题。本文对承包地调整的现状与原因,国家稳定土地承包经营权的努力及困境进行分析,并提出赋予农民土地永久使用权,深入推进土地承包权物权化进程作为解决土地承包经营权稳定与承包地调整冲突的解决对策。     

Cage fish culture in Lake Victoria: A boon or a disaster in waiting?

Fish catches in Lake Victoria have been on the decline while demand for fish has been increasing. Cage culture with >3,000 cages, over 3 million tilapias and valued at US$ 12 million is trying to fill the gap. This study reviews the development of cages and the need to develop a decision support tool for effective management. Existing literature and data on fisheries and cage culture held by the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) were used in the analysis. Cage culture is a promising venture that may increase productivity, offer employment and enhance economic well‐being. However, site suitability for the installation of cages is poorly regulated with most developments (>45%) located within 200 m of the shoreline that are breeding grounds of fish and conflict with other lake users. Waste feed increases eutrophication, and enhances growth of algae and water hyacinth in the lake. Recent isolated fish kills were attributed to low dissolved oxygen concentrations (<0.64 mg/L), and an increasing occurrence of fish disease are signs of poor management practices among cage farmers. Cage culture may turn into an environmental disaster if not managed well, and there is need for robust policies and increased awareness to reduce environmental impacts.     

在区域合作框架内磨合中日经济关系

冷战结束后,随着中日两国国内外情况的变化,"中日和平友好伙伴关系"频频受到挑战,双边关系发展缓慢,经济摩擦不断。为使中日关系尤其是经贸关系朝着良好的方向发展,建构区域经济框架,推动中日经济磨合,是有效途径。     

《肖申克的救赎》中的哥特式冲突

《肖申克的救赎》以哥特式小说的震慑力反映了制度化对人性的迫害, 通过人性与专制, 自由与禁锢,希望与制度化的哥特式冲突, 表达了人类对于命运和人生的理解。小说使用哥特式手法将幻灭的人类从空虚麻痹的状态中激活, 重新点燃其追求梦想, 追求自由的希望, 并完成生命中真正的救赎。     

天目山自然保护区与周边社区的冲突和成因分析

以天日山自然保护区为对象,通过对天日山自然保护区管理局、西天日乡政府、周边社区不同类型村民代表及科技人员等主要相关利益者的12个小组访谈,及104个衣户和59个社会公众的问卷调查,分析了天日山自然保护区与周边社区的主要冲突：①野生竹笋抚育经营受限,社区居民经济收入减少;(9补偿措施不到位,社区居民预期收益未能兑现;③保护区总体规划滞后,当地项目投资开发受限;④限制采薪烧炭,给当地居民生活带来不便;⑤旅游开发后．环境质量和社会治安状况变差。并就自然保护区与周边社区冲突成因进行了分析：①自然保护区的外部性是客观基础;②保护理念和模式落后是认知原因;③产权交易机制不健全是制度原因。     

Identifying, managing and monitoring conflicts between forest biodiversity conservation and other human interests in Europe

In this paper, circumstances where various human activities and interests clash with the conservation of forest biodiversity are examined, with particular focus on the drivers behind the conflicts. After identifying past and current human-related threats potentially leading to conflicts in forests, the paper will focus on conflict management and monitoring, with an emphasis on inclusionary stakeholder networks and a range of approaches towards sustainable land use. Three dimensions of conflicts are examined: substance (‘how things are’), procedure (‘how things are done’), and relationships (‘how people behave’). These relations will relate to three conflict management approaches: (1) technical, which may contribute to reduce or solve the conflict acting on the ‘substance’ dimension, (2) political, which may influence the ‘procedure’ dimension of the conflict establishing principles or rules, and (3) cultural, which may affect the ‘relationship’ dimension of the conflict. Finally, a general model of adaptive conflict management emphasising communication among the parties and a participatory approach that involves monitoring of the conflict resolution outcomes is proposed. The recognition that strong perceptions among stakeholders have the potential to aggravate conflicts is central to the concept of a inclusionary conflict management framework, improved communication between all stakeholders, and better awareness of the context of the conflicts is emphasised.     

Hydropower and instream flow requirements for fish in Sweden

SwedPower AB, Stockholm, Sweden Standardized methods for determining instream flow needs in connection with hydropower development have still not been established in Sweden. However, claims related to conflicting uses of running waters have long engaged the Water Right Courts. Historically, the floating of timber has constituted a strong reason for regulating rivers. Later, the creation of large reservoirs and the subsequent alteration of the natural river flow have mainly been related to the generation of hydroelectricity. In recent decades, the expectations of stakeholders have also been directed at recreational fisheries and the maintenance of biodiversity. Dry channels below diversion points are no longer considered acceptable. Swedish legislation allows for a regular review and reissue of permits to regulate rivers and operate hydroelectric power plants. However, it is only possible to enforce changes which are economically reasonable. The maximum loss of electricity which must be endured by a producer without reciprocal demands of compensation amounts to 5%. Presently, fishing may be regarded as the second most important interest in terms of the use of river resources. Accumulated knowledge of fish ecology makes it possible to use models for the management of fish populations. However, decisions regarding minimum releases of water are usually still based on the natural hydrograph rather than on documented relationships between fish yield and the characteristics of the watercourse. Over the past 7 years, Vattenfall, the largest producer of hydroelectricity in Sweden, has carried out research and development to test, improve and introduce instream flow methods for the management of regulated rivers. Experiences regarding biotope adjustments as an alternative to increased releases of water are presented, and the economic and biodiversity aspects are discussed.