Effects of conditioning time and sodium bentonite on pellet quality,growth performance,intestinal morphology and nutrient retention in finisher broilers

1. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of steam-conditioning time and different levels of processed sodium bentonite (PSB) on pellet quality, growth performance, intestinal development and morphology, and nutrient digestibilities in broilers during finisher period (d 24–45).

2. A total of 810 male chicks were reared in commercial conditions on floor pens till d 24. Then, birds were weighed and used in a completely randomised design experiment with a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement, including three levels of conditioning times (0, 2 and 4 min) and three PSB levels (0, 7.5 and 15 g/kg diet). Each of the 9 diets fed to 6 replicates group of 15 birds each.

3. The results showed that 2-min steam conditioning and 15 g/kg PSB supplementation significantly increased pellet durability index (PDI) and hardness, and decreased electrical consumption of pelleting. Diets had no significant effects on body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Although dietary treatments did not influence relative weight and length of three segments of small intestine, 2-min steam conditioning significantly improved villus height (VH) and crypt depth. Steam conditioning of diet for 2 min significantly increased apparent metabolisable energy (AME), ether extract (EE), calcium (Ca) and dry matter (DM) retention in birds measured during 38–42 d of age.

4. It could be concluded that 2-min steam conditioning improved PDI and hardness, VH and nutrient retention (AME, EE, Ca and DM), but did not affect growth performance in broilers during finisher period.     

铁铝柱撑膨润土组成特征及其磷吸附性能研究

利用天然膨润土合成了铁柱撑膨润土（Fe1-Mt、Fe10-M）t、羟基铁膨润土（FeOx-M）t、羟基铝膨润土（AlOx-M）t和羟基铝铁膨润土复合体（AlFe-M）t,对其化学组成和矿物组成等特征进行分析,比较了5种不同铁铝柱撑膨润土对磷污染水体的吸附净化性能,并通过等温吸附试验探讨了柱撑膨润土对磷的吸附机制。结果发现,不同铁铝柱撑均可以增加天然膨润土的层间距,其中以羟基铝铁膨润土复合体的层间距增加最明显,与原土相比增加约为2倍。5种不同铁铝柱撑均能显著增强膨润土对磷污染水体的吸附净化能力,其中以FeOx-Mt的理论磷吸附容量最大,为12.03mg.g-1,其次为Fe10-Mt、AlFe-Mt和AlOx-Mt,吸附等温曲线同时符合Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程,均达显著水平。结果表明,除膨润土层间距外,不同铁铝柱撑膨润土的磷吸附能力主要与铁铝氧化物的含量及铁的存在形态相关。     

羟基铁铝柱撑膨润土处理皂素废水的试验研究

以OH-Fe-Al为柱化剂制备了OH-Fe-Al柱撑膨润土,研究其对陕南某皂素生产企业废水中化学耗氧量(CODcr)和色度的去除性能.试验结果表明,OH-Fe-Al柱撑膨润土对废水中CODCr和色度都有很好的去除效果.通过正交试验确定了最佳反应条件为:OH-Fe-Al柱撑膨润土投加量为20 g/L、pH 7.0、搅拌时间30 min,废水中CODCr去除率为79.4％,色度去除率为86.5％.     

有机膨润土对农药水乳剂稳定性的协同作用及其机制

以螺环菌胺水乳剂为例,在水乳体系中添加不同质量分数的有机膨润土,从水乳剂微观形态、药液表面张力、流变学特性及有机膨润土对螺环菌胺的吸附作用几方面,初步探讨了有机膨润土对水乳剂稳定性的协同作用及其机制。结果表明:有机膨润土的加入降低了水乳剂粒子的粒径,同时使粒径分布变窄,在微观上改善了水乳剂的稳定性;降低了药液的表面张力,起到了固体乳化剂的作用;在增大体系黏度的同时使其变成了可剪切变稀流体,增强了水乳剂体系的流变学特性,使其具有触变性;有机膨润土对螺环菌胺具有一定的吸附作用。上述因素共同作用的结果使得有机膨润土对农药水乳剂体系的稳定性产生了协同作用。     

有机改性膨润土对乙草胺的吸附与控制释放作用

首次尝试将十六烷基三甲基铵盐阳离子改性的有机膨润土(CTMAB-Bents)用作乙草胺的吸附剂和控制释放载体。结果表明,与原土(Na-Bent)相比,CTMAB-Bents对乙草胺的吸附能力提高3~5倍,且吸附能力与改性膨润土所用CTMAB量成正相关。吸附等温曲线符合Freundlich经验方程,相关系数R>0.99,吸附能力主要取决于乙草胺在水和有机膨润土间的分配作用。与Na-Bent相比,CTMAB-Bents可以显著抑制乙草胺的释放速率,对乙草胺的半数释放时间(t50)介于20CTMAB-Bent制剂的6.57 h与100CTMAB-Bent制剂的19.0 h之间,并随改性膨润土对乙草胺吸附能力的提高而延长。释放动力学曲线符合Ritger和Peppas方程,n值(0.429~0.618)接近Fickian扩散模型,说明乙草胺在有机膨润土中的释放主要受到扩散控制。     

陕西洋县膨润土饲喂蛋鸡试验

试验选用30周龄海兰商品代产蛋鸡288只,采用单因子对比试验,在基础日粮中分别添加15g/kg洋县膨润土+2g/kg微量元素添加剂( 组)、15g/kg洋县膨润土( 组)、25g/kg洋县膨润土( 组)和2g/kg微量元素添加剂(对照组)饲喂产蛋鸡,正试期49d,以探讨洋县膨润土对蛋鸡生产性能与安全性的影响。试验结果表明,试验组比对照组产蛋率提高1.15%～2.60%(P>0.05); 、 组平均蛋重和料蛋比分别较对照组高1.3%(P<0.05)和4%;血液中总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、P以及ALT、ALP含量,各组间差异不显著(P>0.05),Ca含量试验组明显高于对照组;试验组与对照组鸡蛋中Pb、Cd、As、F含量均低于国家食品卫生标准。综合比较认为,基础日粮中添加15g/kg膨润土较其他各组成本低、产出高,且无毒副作用和潜在的不良影响,安全可行。     

开发更高效的生物炭肥料提高辣椒产量和质量

Utilization of biochar at high application rates can increase soil C and crop yields, decrease greenhouse gas emissions and reduce nutrient run-off from soils. However, the high application rate of 10 t ha-1may not return a profit to the farmer due to the high cost of biochar. In this study biochar was modified through pre-treating the biomass and post-treating with phosphoric acid, minerals and different chemical fertilisers to study the effects of two new enhanced biochar fertilisers on the yield and quality of green pepper in a field experiment with 5 fertilisation treatments and 3 replications. The two new biochar fertilisers significantly(P 0.05) increased the yield of green pepper(11.33–11.47 t ha-1), compared with the conventional chemical fertiliser(9.72 t ha-1). The biochar fertiliser treatments improved the vitamin C content of green pepper from 236.99 to 278.28 mg kg-1, and also significantly(P 0.05) reduced the nitrate content from 132.32 to 101.92 mg kg-1, compared with chemical fertiliser. This study indicated that, compared to the use of conventional chemical fertiliser, all of the biochar fertiliser treatments could significantly improve the yield and quality of green pepper.     

膨润土基新型温敏保水剂的制备及性能研究

以丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸、双丙酮丙烯酰胺和膨润土为原料,以N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,2-酮戊二酸为引发剂,采用光引发聚合方法,将膨润土加入反应体系中,制备出膨润土基新型温敏保水剂。考察了膨润土添加量、保水剂组成对温敏保水剂溶胀性能的影响。结果表明,随膨润土含量的增加,保水剂的溶胀率减小,随保水剂组成中丙烯酸含量的增加,保水剂溶胀率增加。保水剂的溶胀率随温度的升高而减小,表现出显著的温敏性。     

改性膨润土钝化土壤Cd对不同水稻品种安全生产研究

[目的]在Cd污染土壤修复的同时,实现水稻的安全生产。[方法]以钙基膨润土为基本材料,通过特殊改性后制备了氨基磺酸改性膨润土与巯基化改性膨润土,不考虑离子浓度影响时两种修复材料对Cd的饱和吸附容量分别可达40.35、69.13 mg/g。通过盆栽试验种植不同品种水稻,探讨两种材料对Cd污染土壤的钝化效果。[结果]巯基化改性膨润土对Cd的钝化效果明显优于氨基磺酸改性膨润土。在Cd 10 mg/kg左右污染土壤上施加巯基化改性膨润土后,土壤中Cd的弱酸提取态含量降低了8.39%~16.22%,可还原态含量增加了9.91%~18.60%,有效地固定了土壤中的Cd,降低了Cd在土壤中的活性。供试的6个品种水稻糙米Cd含量在0.08~0.29mg/kg,分别比对照降低了82.37%、80.18%、84.85%、86.90%、90.95%、83.88%,其中有4个水稻品种糙米中Cd含量达到《食品安全国家标准》(GB2762-2012)。[结论]巯基改性膨润土对种植水稻的重金属污染土壤有着强大的修复能力,且可不间断农业生产。     

恶霉灵--木质素两性表面活性剂改性膨润土缓释剂的制备及性能

农药缓释剂是减少环境污染的有效策略,为开发成本低廉且具有释放速度调节能力的农药缓释剂,同时提高木质素产品的附加值,以木质素两性表面活性剂(二甲基-正丁基-磺化木质素基氯化铵(DBSLAC))为改性剂、钠基膨润土为原料,通过与膨润土层间的金属离子进行离子交换,制备改性膨润土。以恶霉灵为药物释放的对象、改性膨润土为释放的主要载体,利用浸渍吸附的方法制备出恶霉灵缓释剂,研究其缓释性能,并通过FTIR表征其结构,采用XRD分析改性后膨润土的底面间距。结果表明:恶霉灵在有机膨润土上的吸附量随着DBSLAC的增加先增大后减小;当DBSLAC相当于膨润土可交换阳离子总量(CEC)的1.2倍时,制备的1.2 CEC改性膨润土(L-1.2Bt)吸附恶霉灵的效果最佳;与未改性膨润土相比,L-1.2Bt对恶霉灵的吸附效果增强。制备恶霉灵缓释剂的最佳工艺条件为L-1.2Bt用量0.02 g、吸附时间8 h、恶霉灵浓度500 mg/L、pH值为2,该条件下制备的恶霉灵缓释剂对恶霉灵的最大吸附量为406 mg/g。另外,药水比例和温度对恶霉灵缓释剂的缓释快慢有一定影响。