Oxidative Stress: Role in Acetamiprid-Induced Impairment of the Male Mice Reproductive System

Acetamiprid has a wide range of influence on physiological functions in mammals. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of acetamiprid on the reproductive function of male mice, and to study the role of oxidative stress in acetamiprid-induced damage to the testes. Fifty adult Kunmin male mice (25-30 g) were divided into five groups (n=10 per group), i.e., control, blank, acetamiprid alone, acetamiprid and vitamin E, and vitamin E alone. All groups were treated for 35 d. The results showed that acetamiprid significantly decreased the body weight and the weight of testosteroneresponsive organs, such as the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle, and prostate. Furthermore, acetamiprid also significantly reduced the serum testosterone concentration, and decreased sperm count, viability, motility, and the intactness of the acrosome (P＜0.05 for each parameter). The mice treated with acetamiprid had damaged seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells based on the histological structure of testes; there was degeneration of the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum of Leydig cells. These deleterious effects of acetamiprid may be mediated by increasing oxidative stress, as acetamiprid increased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide in the testes, reduced the activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and activated p38. The concentration of acetamiprid in the testes was lower than that in liver, so did the concentrations of liver function tests, including aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which suggest that male reproductive function may be affected through the indirect action of its metabolites. Vitamin E significantly ameliorated the effects of acetamiprid. We conclude that acetamiprid damages male reproductive function through inducing oxidative stress in the testes.     

4种杀虫剂对水生生物的急性毒性与安全评价

为评价农药在稻田使用后对水生生物的安全性,选择啶虫脒、丙溴磷、二嗪磷和马拉硫磷4种杀虫剂为供试药剂,分别采用静态法和半静态法研究其对斜生栅列藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)、大型溞(Daphnia magna Straus)和斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)3种水生生物的急性毒性,并进行环境安全性评价。结果表明：啶虫脒、丙溴磷、二嗪磷和马拉硫磷对斜生栅列藻的72h-EC50值分别为55.3,0.00509,0.249,1.69 mg·L-1,其毒性级别分别为低毒、高毒、高毒和中毒。啶虫脒、丙溴磷、二嗪磷和马拉硫磷对大型溞的48h-EC50值分别为49.2,0.00392,0.03080,0.00165 mg·L-1,其毒性级别分别为低毒、剧毒、剧毒和剧毒。啶虫脒、丙溴磷、二嗪磷和马拉硫磷对斑马鱼的96h-LC50值分别为49.8,0.706,5.12,10.9 mg·L-1,其毒性级别分别为低毒、高毒、中毒和低毒。     

啶虫脒金标免疫速测试纸条研制及其在茶叶中的应用

阐述了一种基于直接竞争免疫层析法的啶虫脒金标速测试纸条的研制方法,及其在茶叶中快速检测与诊断啶虫脒残留的应用情况。通过制备啶虫脒人工抗原,获得了高灵敏度的单克隆抗体,抗体效价大于1:10000。据此研制的金标速测试纸条对啶虫脒肉眼判断的检出限为10ng/mL,检测时间为10min;可特异性地检测茶叶(绿茶、红茶、铁观音)中烟碱类农药啶虫脒的残留量,而对其他烟碱类农药(吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、烯啶虫胺等)无交叉反应,能满足中国茶叶中啶虫脒最大残留限量(0.5mg/kg)下的检测要求,具有灵敏度高、使用便捷、结果准确、成本低等优点。该技术可以实现成品茶样品中啶虫脒的现场快速测试诊断。     

Characterisation of Neonicotinoid and Pymetrozine Resistance in Strains of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from China

Four strains of the Q biotype and one of the B biotype of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci collected from China were characterised for resistance to four neonicotinoid insecticides and pymetrozine. Q biotype strains showed moderate to strong resistance to imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and acetamiprid, but little or no cross-resistance to dinotefuron. Resistance to neonicotinoids was consistently associated with resistance to pymetrozine, despite the latter having a distinct (though unresolved) mode of action. The single B biotype strain proved largely susceptible to all the insecticides investigated. Resistance in the Q biotype strains was associated with over-expression of a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene, CYP6CM1, whose substrate specificity presumably accounts for the observed cross-resistance profiles.     

Slowing the Spread of Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Viruses in Commercial Vineyards With Insecticide Control of the Vector,Pseudococcus maritimus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Vineyards were surveyed for grapevine leafroll-associated viruses and their insect vectors in New York State’s Finger Lakes region in 2006–2008. Grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Erhorn) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), European Fruit Lecanium, Parthenolecanium corni (Bouche), and Cottony Maple Scale, Pulvinaria acericola (Walsh and Riley) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) were identified as vector species in this region. An increase in the incidence of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1) and GLRaV-3 was observed in 8 of the 20 vineyards surveyed, which implies transmission by these insect vectors. Two of the vineyards for which a temporal increase in disease incidence was documented were then used to evaluate the efficacy of foliar applications of horticultural oil and two classes of insecticides for control of P. maritimus and for slowing virus spread over 2 years of vine protection. Delayed dormant applications of horticultural oil contributed to control of early season crawlers; however, this was not the case for control of summer populations. Applications of acetamiprid and spirotetramat achieved control in summer populations; however, spirotetramat outperformed acetamiprid in percent reduction of treated compared with control vines and in a side-by-side trial. Vines treated with spirotetramat had a lower percentage of new vines testing positive for GLRaV-1 than control vines after 2 years, while no other spray program altered the increase in incidence of GLRaV-1 or -3.     

5%啶虫脒微乳剂的研制

本文主要对5%啶虫脒微乳剂的配方进行了研究,筛选出最优的表面活性剂、助表面活性剂,确定其最佳配方和制备方法,进而对5%啶虫脒微乳剂质量指标和性能进行了测试、分析出了不同水质对其的影响。     

Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies

BACKGROUND: Biological control of phytophagous mites in orchards requires that pesticides used to manage other arthropod pests or diseases are harmless to predacious mites, as these are essential to keep phytophagous mites at non‐injurious population levels. This study evaluates the possible toxic attributes of acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, spirodiclofen, spinosad and methoxyfenoxide currently used in western Canadian orchards. RESULTS: None of these pesticides has any ovicidal properties against Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt). Imidacloprid and acetamiprid were highly toxic to the adults and reduced fecundity significantly. Thiamethoxam and spirodiclofen were non‐toxic to adults, but they slightly reduced fecundity. Thiacloprid, spinosad and methoxyfenoxide were harmless to adults and had no effect on fecundity. All compounds showed some repellence at 24 h intervals for 72 h. CONCLUSIONS: Imidacloprid and acetamiprid are incompatible with IPM programs because they are toxic to adults and negatively affect fecundity. Thiamethoxam and spirodiclofen need further field evaluation to determine if they are compatible with IPM programs because they slightly reduced fecundity. Thiacloprid, spinosad and methoxyfenoxide are harmless to adults, but they are slightly repellent. Therefore, with the exception of imidacloprid and acetamiprid, all these compounds should be field tested for compatibility in an IPM program. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

Three‐dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship analysis of acyclic and cyclic chloronicotinyl insecticides

The binding activity of chloronicotinyl insecticides, including acetamiprid, nitenpyram and related compounds, to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) of houseflies was measured. These compounds were defined as ‘acyclic’ compounds. Variations in the binding activity were analysed using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) which is a technique for the analysis of three‐dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationships. The CoMFA results showed that steric interactions were more significant for the acyclic compounds than for imidacloprid and its derivatives (cyclic compounds). It was also shown that the acyclic compounds could bind to housefly‐nAChR in a similar manner to the cyclic compounds, and that the electrostatic natures of the acyclic amino‐ and cyclic imdazolidine‐moieties affected their binding activity. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Stereochemistry and active conformation of a novel insecticide,acetamiprid

Acetamiprid, (NI-25; (E)-N¹-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-N²-cyano-N¹-methylacetamidine), is a novel neonicotinoid insecticide having an N-cyanoacetamidine structure as its characteristic feature. The [¹H] and [¹³C]-NMR spectra indicated the existence of two different structures in acetamiprid at room temperature in solution. The measurement of CH-NOE and C–C coupling constants proved the E-configuration at the cyanoimino group in both existing structures. The [¹³C] chemical shifts of N-CH₃ and the long range C–H coupling in the formamidine analogue of acetamiprid suggested that there exist two conformers generated by the rotation of C–C single bond in the amidine moiety. Dynamic NMR spectra of acetamiprid and the computer simulation of the two-site exchange demonstrated that the two conformers change slowly to each other at room temperature. The conformational analysis by semi-empirical molecular orbital calculations using MNDO-PM3 method predicted four conformers as energy-minimum structures, among which two E-conformers were more stable than Z-conformers. One of the E-conformers in which two methyl groups are in cis configuration was superimposable onto the structure of imidacloprid, which is a known neonicotinoid insecticide having more rigid structure. This E-conformer was assumed as the active conformation of acetamiprid on the basis of the molecular similarity in terms of steric and electrostatic properties. © 1997 SCI     

QuEChERS-PSA-气相色谱法分析联苯菊酯·啶虫脒微乳剂在茶园中的残留特征

利用QuEChERS-PSA结合气相色谱电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)建立了同时检测茶叶及土壤中联苯菊酯和啶虫脒的分析方法,并探明了4.5%联苯菊酯·啶虫脒微乳剂在茶园中的降解动态特征.在优化的GC-ECD条件下,0.01~1 mg·kg^-1范围内的联苯菊酯和啶虫脒仪器响应值与其质量浓度呈良好线性关系(r=0.997 5~0.998 9),仪器最小检出量为2.0×10^-11 g.添加回收率试验表明,在茶叶及土壤空白样品基质中添加0.01~1 mg·kg^-1的联苯菊酯和啶虫脒,平均回收率为89.2%~108.1%,相对标准偏差为2.2%~11.3%,方法的定量限为0.01 mg·kg^-1,说明该方法准确度、精密度和灵敏度均较好,可用于同时检测茶园中痕量水平的联苯菊酯和啶虫脒残留.田间试验结果表明,4.5%联苯菊酯·啶虫脒微乳剂在茶叶及土壤中的消解动态曲线符合一级动力学方程,联苯菊酯和啶虫脒在茶叶和土壤中的半衰期分别为5.6~13.1 d和 7.2~8.7 d,说明联苯菊酯与啶虫脒在茶园中的消解速率相近,在环境中均属于易降解化合物,但其所存在的膳食风险仍需结合茶叶加工因子试验及中国地区膳食结构作进一步全面评估.