Historical Changes in Levels of Organic Pollutants in Sediment Cores from Brno Reservoir, Czech Republic

Results of a comprehensive study are presented on the spatial and depth-related distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in sediments of the Brno reservoir, Czech Republic. Based on sedimentological observations, three major historic phases were identified related to the evolution of the depositional environment, flow rate, and material input. Data on organic carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides showed specific distribution patterns in a 3-m-deep core. The analysis of the depth trends of the geochemical data combined with sedimentology made it possible to distinguish between remote sources of the pollutants, early weathering alterations of POPs, transport by river associated with organic matter as sorbent on one hand, and local sources weakly related to lithology on the other hand. The integrated sedimentological and environmental geochemical archive provided an improved dynamic view of the pollution in historical terms.     

犬瘟热患犬中性粒细胞cAMP PDE活性变化及中药作用研究

研究犬瘟热患犬中性粒细胞(PMN)中环磷酸腺苷-磷酸二酯酶（cAMP-PDE）的活性变化及中药对其活性的体外调节作用，为抗炎药研究和病毒性炎症的中药治疗积累资料。提取犬瘟热患犬（n=9）和正常犬(n=6)的中性粒细胞制备cAMP-PDE样品，通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定其活性及中药对其活性的影响。结果显示，犬瘟热患犬组中性粒细〖JP2〗胞cAMP-PDE活性（18.55%±2.66%）显著（P<0.05）高于正常组（11.54%±5.16%）。解表药等5类114味中药中芦根（77.27%）、胡黄连（70.41%）、女贞子（65.50%）、香薷（65.16%）、贝母（61.43%）、黄芩（60.67%）、淫羊藿（60.34%）、黄芪（59.13%）、青蒿（56.93%）、秦皮（55.55%）、辛夷（55.03%）、甘草（54.67%）、牛蒡子（53.40%）、麻黄（53.32%）14味对cAMP-PDE活性具有明显抑制作用。结果表明，中性粒细胞cAMP-PDE活性在犬瘟热患犬炎症过程中具有重要作用，对cAMP-PDE活性有明显抑制作用的中药对其炎症可能具有疗效，同时，中药抑制中性粒细胞中cAMP-PDE活性可能是其抗炎作用机理之一。     

Research Progress of the Cure Effect of Eelectrochemotherapy on Tumor

Electrochemotherapy is a new therapy on curing tumor, and it consists of two therapies, which are direct current electrochemotherapy and electric pulse aided antitumor medicine electrochemotherapy. Its widely application prospect is being taken on. Researchers home and overseas study deeply in the wide field of its cure mechanism, ways and means, animal tests and clinical application. Medical studies have shown that electrochemotherapy is an easily operated therapy with excellent curative effect and security. On the basis of these studies, a new therapy is put forward, that is, energy-controllable steep pulse therapy, electric pulse' killing effect on cell membrane is called as irreversible breakdown, and the first-stage study results of this new therapy are introduced.     

Rarity and decline in bumblebees - A test of causes and correlates in the Irish fauna

Bees are believed to be in decline across many of the world’s ecosystems. Recent studies on British bumblebees proposed alternative theories to explain declines. One study suggested that greater dietary specialization among the rarer bumblebee species makes them more susceptible to decline. A second study disputed this theory and found that declines in British bumblebees were correlated with the size of species’ European ranges, leading to the suggestion that climate and habitat specialization may be better indicators of the risk of decline. Here we use a new and independent dataset based on Irish bumblebees to test the generality of these theories. We found that most of the same bumblebee species are declining across the British Isles, but that, within Ireland, a simple food-plant specialization model is inadequate to explain these declines. Furthermore, we found no evidence of a relationship between declines in Irish bumblebees and the size of species’ European ranges. However, we demonstrate that the late emerging species have declined in Ireland (and in Britain), and that these species show a statistically significant westward shift to the extremity of their range, probably as a result of changing land use. Irish data support the finding that rare and declining bumblebees are later nesting species, associated with open grassy habitats. We suggest that the widespread replacement of hay with silage in the agricultural landscape, which results in earlier and more frequent mowing and a reduction in late summer wildflowers, has played a major role in bumblebee declines.     

Occurrence of 1BL.1RS wheat-rye chromosome translocation and of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sr36/Pm6</Emphasis> resistance gene cluster in wheat cultivars registered in Hungary

The 1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocation and a wheat-Triticum timopheevii chromosomal introgression carry the Sr31, Lr26, Yr9 and Pm8 genes and the Sr36/Pm6 gene cluster, respectively. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution and impact of these two translocations in 220 wheat varieties registered in Hungary in the last 35 years until 2005. The 1BL.1RS translocation was introduced into Hungary via wheat cultivars ‘Avrora’ and ‘Kavkaz’, which were registered in 1970. New 1BL.1RS cultivars developed in Hungary first appeared in 1982. After reaching a maximum frequency of 50.0% among cultivars registered in Hungary in 1994, their presence declined steadily to 13.3% by 2005. The Sr36/Pm6 cultivars first appeared in 1980. Their frequency quickly reached 31.8% (1983–1984), but then dropped to between 9.6 and 18.5% (1990–2005). The two main Hungarian breeding programs showed opposing trends in the exploitation of these two translocations. In Martonvásár, 1BL.1RS played a dominant role, being present from 1993 to 1997 in ca. 95% of the released cultivars, while at the same time the use of Sr36/Pm6 was marginal. Conversely, among the Szeged cultivars, Sr36/Pm6 was present at high frequency (44.7% in 2002) with a low share of 1BL.1RS. In artificial field inoculation tests (1985–2003) both of the stem rust resistance genes provided significant resistance in all the years, though Sr36 proved more effective than Sr31. While Pm8 was not effective, except for the last 2 years, Pm6 exhibited significant resistance against powdery mildew in most of the 18 years tested. These data may help breeders to assess the usefulness of wheat-rye 1BL.1RS chromosome translocations and the Sr36/Pm6 resistance gene clusters in their future wheat improvement programs.     

珍珠鸡对新城疫病毒和传染性法氏囊炎病毒抵抗力试验

21日龄伊莎珍珠鸡分别用于新城疫病毒（NDV）、传染性法氏囊炎病毒（IBDV）攻毒，并设相同日龄雏鸡攻毒做对照。经口感染NDV组珍珠鸡全部发病，死亡率30％（3／10），雏鸡对照组亦全部发病，死亡率70％（7／10）；经口接种IBDV的珍珠鸡无一发病，剖检无病变，琼脂扩散试验亦未检测到IBDV抗体，也未能在法氏囊中检测到IBDV抗原，而经口腔接种IBDV的对照鸡则有80％发病，死亡率20％，血清中检测到IBDV抗体，并从其法氏囊中检测到IBDV抗原，经泄殖腔接种IBDV的珍珠鸡亦未见发病，但经病理组织学检查发现在法氏囊，脾脏及肾脏等处出现病变。     

表达 HarpinEa基因的转基因马铃薯的晚疫病抗性分析

 通过根癌农杆菌介导,用Harpin_Ea基因转化马铃薯四倍体栽培种大西洋（Atlantic）,获得107个马铃薯转化株系。经过卡那霉素的抗性鉴定和PCR分子检测,有59株PCR检测成阳性,占所有转化植株的55.14%.实验对部分转基因植株进行室内抗病性评价,从24个PCR阳性株系中筛选到9个株系的抗病性与对照相比有显著差异(P<0.05),其中7株的抗病性与对照相比差异极显著(P<0.001)。结果初步表明Harpin_Ea基因已整合到马铃薯的基因组中并得到表达,提高了植株的晚疫病抗性。     

Beyond occurrence: Body condition and stress hormone as integrative indicators of habitat availability and fragmentation in the common toad

Availability and fragmentation of habitat are today identified as key determinants of population maintenance. Disentangling their relative effects is of crucial importance to adequately manage landscapes. However, the classical use of occurrence or abundance data as proxy to assess the responses of populations could be insufficient to detect less drastic impacts than short-term population extinction. We evaluated the effects of both habitat availability and fragmentation at three spatial scales on both the occurrence and two “physiological state” indicators (body condition and level of stress hormone) reflecting the physical state of common toads (Bufo bufo). Our study showed that occurrence was negatively affected only by habitat availability at the largest spatial scale whereas the both physiological state indicators studied at the population scale are significantly altered by both habitat availability and fragmentation at the finest spatial scale. Results obtained with occurrence and physiological state approaches substantially diverge, which highlights the need to also investigate proximal processes to deeply understand how populations are threatened by landscape modifications. The use of physiological state indicators, particularly of body condition, powerful and easy to obtain, could be particularly relevant to detect early warnings of population decline allowing a management before extinction. Only a complete investigation of the potential impacts of landscape on the different population processes could offer a realistic picture of the requirements of populations to avoid drastic alterations.     

山地果园钢丝绳牵引货运机超声波避障系统

为避免山地果园钢丝绳牵引式货运机运行时碰撞穿越轨道的行人或其他障碍物,提高果园轨道货运系统的安全性和稳定性,开发了山地果园钢丝绳牵引式货运机避障系统,包括STC单片机、超声波测距、红外光电检测、无线通信、语音报警及手动控制等模块.系统设计指标为:障碍物检测距离不小于150 cm,避障成功率达到100％.系统应用试验结果表明:使用静态障碍物,上坡避障完成后货运机前端与障碍物间最小距离为100 cm,下坡避障完成后该间距为90 cm;使用动态障碍物,上坡避障完成后货运机前端与障碍物间最小距离为98 cm,最小延时为0.64 s;下坡避障完成后该间距为66 cm,最小延时为1.30s.     

阴山北麓缓坡丘陵不同植被类型下土壤水分空间分布特征—以武川县为例

近年来由于农耕面积的进一步扩大,阴山北麓植被破坏程度加深,水蚀风蚀沙化现象日益严重。本文以内蒙古阴山北麓为研究对象,研究了这一地区缓坡丘陵的土壤水分分布特征及不同植被类型下土壤水分时空分布,为这一地区的生态治理过程中,植被类型、种植模式的选择提供数字依据。结果表明:(1)后山地区与内地相反,缓坡丘陵土壤水分以阳坡为最高,阴坡次之,顶部为最低;(2)该地区的土壤水分分布受植被类型等的影响,表现出一定的空间变异特性。