构建农民工就业权益保障机散——基于“民工荒”的思考

就业权益是劳动者最基本的权益。对于农民工来说，实现这一权益的方式主要是通过参加生产而获得劳动报酬。然而，就是这一基本权益也容易遭到侵害。本文从近年来沿海地区发生的“民工荒”现象分析中得到启发，提出构建以最大限度减轻对农民工就业权益的侵害、保障其“收入安全”为目标的农民工就业权益保障机制的新思考。     

荒漠草原不同土壤生境猪毛蒿个体大小依赖的繁殖分配

植物繁殖分配是生活史理论的核心问题,一直受到生态学家们的关注。为了研究荒漠草原异质生境下植物的繁殖分配策略,本研究以生长在风沙土、灰钙土和基岩风化残积土生境下的猪毛蒿为研究对象,调查了不同个体大小的猪毛蒿生物量特征,分析了生物量间的相关关系和位置效应,讨论了繁殖器官的绝对投入量及其繁殖分配特点。结果表明:基岩风化残积土生境下猪毛蒿的地上生物量和地下生物量、营养器官生物量和生殖器官生物量、繁殖体数量和繁殖体重量等均小于风沙土和灰钙土生境。单株猪毛蒿上、中、下部的地上生物量、繁殖体数量、繁殖体重量和单个头状花序重量均未表现出资源投入的差异性(P>0.05)。繁殖器官生物量的绝对投入(lg R)随着个体大小(lg V)的增大而增加,表现出极显著正相关关系(P<0.001),说明猪毛蒿对营养生长和繁殖的资源投入是同时增加的。基岩风化残积土、风沙土和灰钙土生境下猪毛蒿的繁殖阈值分别为2.07、1.96和1.99 g,其繁殖分配和个体大小均呈现出负相关关系(P<0.05)。不同土壤生境下猪毛蒿单个头状花序重量和个体大小、每株头状花序数量间均呈负相关关系,这种差异性一定程度上反映了种群资源配置的表型可塑性,但这些权衡间没有显著的相关关系(P>0.05)。     

饲用纤维素酶在奶牛营养中的作用

本文对纤维素酶的种类,作用机理和在奶牛生产中的应用作一综述。     

Within-field refugiums of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdj.) in cereals (Hom., Aphididae)

An analysis of the Russian wheat aphid (RWA) (Diuraphis noxia Kurdj.), overpopulated due to extraordinary weather conditions (2000) in the Czech Republic, enabled the identification of several within-field situations ouside of the routine approach. This group, classified as within-field refugium, includes variation due to field relief, some injuries caused by the use of machinery, the unharvested field margins and, last but not least, the volunteer plants. Differences between the RWA populations in these situations and the normal grove are presented and recommended to be taken into consideration in the research on RWA population dynamics and movement.     

A temperature-driven model to simulate the population development of the Plum Fruit Moth,Cydia funebrana (Treit.)

A simulation model of the flight activity ofCydia funebrana was constructed on the basis of data on male captures in pheromone traps placed in a plum orchard in Central Bohemia in 1988 to 1990. The model was verified from 1991 to 1993 as a method of predicting the course of the emergence flight activity of particular generations in dependence on degree day values. The nonlinear model based on Richards' transformation was more suitable for the simulation than the linear one based on probit transformation. A technique has been proposed to use the model ofC. funebrana flight activity for optimal timing of ovicide applications based on fenoxycarb and diflubenzuron in systems of integrated pest management in plum orchards.With 3 figures and 4 tables     

Flight patterns of the peach twig borer,Anarsia lineatella zell. (Lep., Gelechiidae) in central europe as observed using pheromone traps

Pheromone traps were used for monitoring phenology of the peach twig borer,Anarsia lineatella, in Central Bohemia. The pest has two generations a year, the first one (owerwintering) is usually more numerous than the second one. The peak of the flight of the first generation begins by day-degrees (DD) 400–450 °C and the peak of the flight of the second generation at DD 900–960 °C. DD data can be used for supervised control both in the case of timing the chemical treatment and for deciding on using pheromones for male confusion. The suitable term for chemical treatment in the given locality in Central Bohemia is DD 360°C (above the developmental threshold 10 °C). The injury to fruits and shoots of peach trees similar to that caused byA. lineatella does also the oriental fruit moth,Cydia molesta. According to very low catches in pheromone trapsC. molesta does not seem to be economically important in Central Bohemia at present.With 2 tables and 3 figures     

Relation between combustion heat and chemical wood composition during white and brown rot

Summary The results of respective investigations indicate that during white rot the combustion heat of wood (Q_exp (J/g)) remained virtually unchanged and at the greatest extent of decomposition it was in the range also found in non-rotten wood. During brown rot the combustion heat of wood samples increased, beginning at a weight loss of 20–30%. The difference between Q_exp and the weighted mean of combustion heat values of isolated chemical wood components (Q_cal) were neglectable. If Q_exp values measured for each sample were taken as 100%, then Q_cal averaged from 101.1–105.6% and from 97.4–108.2% during white and brown rot, respectively. The Q_cal calculation error is expressed as coefficient k; it varies depending on the accuracy and selectivity of the separation methods used.     

Generationszahl der RübenfliegePegomyia hyoscyami betae Curt.

Summary During the years 1959–1961 the number of generations was followed in Spinach Leaf Miner (Pegomyia hyoscyami betae Curt.) in central Bohemia at 310 m above sea level and in the year 1961 in southern Bohemia at 450 m. The larvae and the eggs were studied on the leaves at regular 10–14 days' intervals by controlling each plant and images by means of a sweeping method. There have been acertained two generations in the year 1959 and three generations in the year 1961 in central Bohemia and two generations in the year 1961 in southern Bohemia. The occurence of every generation of larvae on the suggar-beet was separate and the previous and the consecutive generation did not overlop.The origin of the erroneous date on 6–7 generations of this species (Rambousek, Neuwirth, 1931) has been also cleared up in this article. This statement has been taken over by Sorauer (1953) from the Review of Applied Entomology (1931) and has been lately mentioned by many authors. F. Neuwirth gave a personal information, that the statement on 6–7 generations occurence of Spinach Leaf Miner has been found on the basis of theoretical calculation (from the lenght of one generation in spring and not on the basis of the facts found in natural conditions).

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Résumé En 1959–1961 le nombre des générations de la mouche de la betterave a été observé dans la Bohème Centrale á l'altitude de 310 m audessus de la mer et en 1961 dans le Sud de la Bohème á l'altitude de 450 m. Les larves et les oeufs ont été observé sur les feuilles dans les intervalles de 10–14 jours regulierement effectués sur chaque plante et imagines en particulier par le filet fauchior. En 1959 deux générations et en 1960 et 1961 trios géné rations dans la Bohéme Centrale, ainsi que en 1961 deux générations dans le Sud de la Boheme ont été constates. La prence de chaque génération des larves sur la betterave aété separée et les générations consecutives ne malaient pas presque jamais avec les précedents.Dans cet travail l'auteur a clarifié comment une donnée fautive sur 6–7 générations de cette espéce est survenu (Rambousek et Neuwirth, 1931). Cette donnée orginante de Review of Applied Entomology [1931] a été reprise par Sorauer (1953) et elle a été ensuite récemment mentionée par d'autres auteurs. Selon une déclaration personelle de Mr. F. Neuwirth les donées des 6–7 générations de la mouche de la betterave en Tschécoslovaquie ent été acquis par une évaluation théoretique (se basant sur la durée de la génération du printemps et non sur les resultats des observations réelles dans les conditions naturelles.

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