Biodegradation of hexachlorocyclohexane-isomers in contaminated soils

Several sites that are contaminated with isomers of the chlorinated insecticide hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) are present across the globe and cause toxicity. For their bioremediation, we studied the degradation of HCH-isomers in contaminated soils by an isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa ITRC-5. The degradation is optimal at 2 mg technical-HCH (t-HCH)/g soil, 15% water content, pH 8.0, temperature 28 °C and inoculum density 10⁶ colony forming unit/g soil. Under these conditions, from 5 kg soil, >98% α- and γ-HCH, 17% β-HCH and 76% δ-HCH are degraded after 15 days of incubation, which is accompanied with the release of 600 μg chloride/mg t-HCH. Concomitant to the degradation, a four-fold reduction in the toxicity of HCH-isomers to earthworm, Eisenia foetida, is also observed. Addition of ITRC-5 enhanced the degradation of soil-applied HCH-isomers in ‘open field’ conditions as well, and 97%, 43%, 94% and 77% of α-, β-, γ- and δ-HCH, respectively, are degraded after 12 weeks of incubation. Thus, the bacterium causes microbial degradation and detoxification of HCH-isomers, and can be used for the bioremediation of contaminated soils.     

降解菌HD接种和非接种根围土壤中丁草胺的降解动力学研究

测定了小麦、棉花、水稻和玉米根围土壤和非根围土壤中丁草胺的降解特征和降解菌变化动态。结果表明,种植作物丰富了土壤微生物,根围土壤丰富的微生物对丁草胺的降解具有显著的促进作用。根围土壤中丁草胺的降解是非根围土壤的1.63～2.34倍,相应的半衰期缩短为非根围土壤的 42.2％～72.8％。根围土壤接种处理后这种促进作用得到进一步加强,其降解速率是非根围土壤的1.68～2.83倍,半衰期为非根围土壤的34.4％～59.4％。试验结果表明,作物根围是丁草胺残留快速降解的微环境,作物根围接种处理可以强化丁草胺残留的微生物降解。     

Ligninolytic fungi in bioremediation: extracellular enzyme production and degradation rate

Ligninolytic fungi can be used for remediation of pollutants in water and soil. Extracellular peroxidases and laccases have been shown to oxidize recalcitrant compounds in vitro but the likely significance of individual enzyme levels in vivo remains unclear. This study documents the amounts and activities of Mn-dependent peroxidase (MnP), lignin peroxidase and laccase (LAC) in various species of ligninolytic fungi grown in liquid medium and soil and their effect on degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (anthracene and pyrene), a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture (Delor 106) and a number of synthetic dyes. Stationary cultures of a highly degradative strain Irpex lacteus exhibited 380-fold and 2-fold increase in production of MnP and LAC, respectively, compared to submerged cultures. Addition of Tween 80 to the submerged culture increased MnP levels 260-fold. High levels of MnP correlated with efficient decolorization of Reactive Orange 16 azo dye but not of Remazol Brilliant Blue R anthraquinone dye. Degradation of anthracene and pyrene in spiked soil by straw-grown explorative mycelium of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus showed the importance of MnP and LAC levels secreted into the soil. The importance of high fungal enzyme levels for efficient degradation of recalcitrant compounds was better demonstrated in liquid media compared to the same strains growing in soil.     

有机质对多环芳烃环境行为影响的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)的归宿和毒性受其环境行为的影响,主要取决于环境中各个因素的交互作用,而有机质是相当重要的因素,有机质对环境中PAHs的物理化学行为、生物过程均有一定的影响。本文着重介绍了有机质对水体、土壤和沉积物中PAHs的吸附、溶解和迁移以及生物可利用性和毒性等方面的影响,总结了离子强度、pH、表面活性剂、时间等影响有机质与PAHs作用的因素,同时简要介绍了土壤和沉积物中结合残留态PAHs的研究情况,指出结合残留态PAHs现有的研究方法有热解法和同位素标记法,最后提出系统地研究内源有机质(尤其碳黑和腐殖酸)的组成、性质与土壤PAHs的锁定与降解的关系和利用外源有机物强化修复污染的环境是今后研究的重点。     

The influence of stocking density, light and temperature on the growth, production and nutrient removal capacity of Porphyra dioica (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

The optimal conditions for growth of Porphyra dioica gametophytes were investigated in the laboratory, focusing on bioremediation potential. Porphyra dioica is one of the most common Porphyra species along the northern coast of Portugal and can be found year-round. The influence of stocking density and photon flux density (PFD) on the growth, production and nutrient removal was tested. Maximum growth rates, up to 33% per day, were recorded with 0.1 g fw l^− 1 at 150 and 250 μmol photons m^− 2 s^− 1. Growth rate decreased significantly with increasing stocking density. Productivity (g fw week^− 1) had an inverse trend, with more production at the higher stocking densities. At 150 μmol m^− 2 s^− 1 and with 1.5 g fw l^− 1, 1.4 g fw week^− 1 were produced. At this PFD, there was no significant difference in production between 0.6 to 1.5 g fw l^− 1. Nitrogen (N) content of the seaweeds decreased with increasing stocking densities and PFDs. The maximum N removal was recorded at 150 μmol m^− 2 s^− 1, with 1.5 g fw l^− 1 stocking density (1.67 mg N day^− 1). However, the N removed by thalli at 50 μmol photons m^− 2 s^− 1 was statistically equal to that at 150 and 250 μmol photons m^− 2 s^− 1, at a stocking density of 1.0 g fw l^− 1. The influence of temperature and photoperiod on growth and reproduction was also assessed. Growth rates of P. dioica were significantly affected by temperature and photoperiod. In this experiment (with 0.3 g fw l^− 1 stocking density), the highest growth rate, 27.5% fw day^− 1, was recorded at 15 °C and 16 : 8¯, L : D¯. Male thalli started to release spermatia 21 days after the beginning of the experiment, in temperatures from 10 to 20 °C and with 10, 12 and 16 h of day length. Unfertilized female-like thalli were observed at 10 to 20 °C, under all photoperiods tested. Growth of these thalli declined after 4 weeks. By then, formation of young bladelets in the basal portion of these thalli was observed. After 7 weeks all biomass produced was solely due to these vegetatively propagated young thalli, growing 22.4% to 26.1% day^− 1. The results of this study showed that P. dioica appears to be a candidate as a nutrient scrubber in integrated aquaculture systems.     

利用改进的生物反应器研究不同通气条件下土壤中菲的降解

利用自行设计的生物反应器进行多环芳烃菲污染土壤的生物修复研究。在控制土壤水分、养分的情况下 ,设 6个通气处理 ,分析测定各处理的土壤菲降解率、微生物量、多酚氧化酶以及土壤酸度的动态变化。为期 6 0天的试验结果表明 ,通气量为 0 .0 8m3 h-1时 ,菲的降解率最高 ,达 72 .6 % ;与对照相比 ,微生物量最多 ,其中细菌、真菌都显著高于对照 ;多酚氧化酶活性也最高。通气量为 0 .0 8m3 h-1处理还可以控制土壤中酸度的变化 ,保持土壤中pH的稳定 ,从而更快地降解污染土壤中的菲。较高的菲降解率与通气改变土壤条件有关。在本实验的条件下 ,反应器中土壤细菌、真菌数量增加 ,多酚氧化酶活性提高 ,土壤保持稳定的pH值是土壤中菲降解率提高的主要原因。因而 ,改进的反应器具有较高的降解效果。本研究还表明 ,利用生物反应器能够快速、高效地消除土壤中的有机污染物 ,实现有机污染土壤的离位生物修复。     

Soil microbial response during the phytoremediation of a PAH contaminated soil

The aim of this trial was to quantify and compare the responses of soil microbial communities during the phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a laboratory trial. The experiment was conducted in 1-kg pots and planted treatments consisted of a mixed ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) sward together with a rhizobial inoculum (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii). Throughout the 180-d experiment soil microbial biomass and communities of PAH degraders were monitored. PAH degradation was enhanced in planted treatments that received a rhizobial inoculum. Microbial biomass was enhanced in planted treatments, but there were no significant differences between treatments that had received a rhizobial inoculum and those that had not. However, numbers of PAH degraders were greater in the treatment that had received a rhizobial inoculum.     

多环芳烃污染土壤的微生物修复研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)由于其毒性、致癌性和致畸性成为环境中一类重要的污染物。微生物对多环芳烃的降解是去除土壤中多环芳烃的主要途径。阐述了多环芳烃污染土壤中微生物修复的原理、优缺点、影响因素、强化措施及国内外研究进展,并对微生物修复的发展进行了展望。     

微生物修复受石油污染土壤的研究进展

石油污染土壤的微生物修复技术是利用微生物来降解土壤中的石油烃类污染物。综述了国内外这一领域的研究现状，主要包括微生物修复技术中的好氧、厌氧降解，共代谢机理和影响微生物降解的因素以及提高降解效率的措施。     

土壤重金属污染防治技术研究进展

概述了土壤重金属污染的特点,主要从物理措施、化学措施、农业措施、生物修复措施和农业生态工程措施五方面对国内外各种土壤重金属污染防治技术进行分析与评论,指出其优缺点。并在此基础上提出了一些见解和看法,为今后这方面的研究提供一些参考。