Spatial changes of soil fungal and bacterial biomass from a sub-alpine coniferous forest to grassland in a humid, sub-tropical region

 Fungal and bacterial biomass were determined across a gradient from a forest to grassland in a sub-alpine region in central Taiwan. The respiration-inhibition and ergosterol methods for the evaluation of the microbial biomass were compared. Soil fungal and bacterial biomass both significantly decreased (P<0.05) with the shift of vegetation from forest to grassland. Fungal and bacterial respiration rates (evolved CO₂) were, respectively, 89.1 μl CO₂ g^–1 soil h^–1 and 55.1 μl CO₂ g^–1 soil h^–1 in the forest and 36.7 μl CO₂ g^–1 soil h^–1 and 35.7 μl CO₂ g^–1 soil h^–1 in the grassland surface soils (0–10 cm). The fungal ergosterol content in the surface soil decreased from the forest zone (108 μg g^–1) to the grassland zone (15.9 μg g^–1). A good correlation (R ²=0.90) was exhibited between the soil fungal ergosterol content and soil fungal CO₂ production (respiration) for all sampling sites. For the forest and grassland soil profiles, microbial biomass (respiration and ergosterol) declined dramatically with depth, ten- to 100-fold from the surface organic horizon to the deepest mineral horizon. With respect to fungal to bacterial ratios for the surface soil (0–10 cm), the forest zone had a significantly (P<0.05) higher ratio (1.65) than the grassland zone (1.05). However, there was no fungal to bacterial ratio trend from the surface horizon to the deeper mineral horizons of the soil profiles. Received: 30 March 2000     

海岸盐沼湿地细菌抗真菌活性研究

为了开发对植物病原真菌生长有抑制作用的药源微生物,本实验采用平板稀释法从江苏大丰盐沼湿地土壤中分离微生物,并通过菌丝块法检测这些微生物代谢产物对5种植物病原真菌生长的抑制活性,进而利用柱层析分析其活性成分;结果共分离得到235株细菌,其中好氧细菌92株,厌氧细菌143株;体外活性测试结果显示有65株至少对1种测试植物病原真菌的抑制率在30%以上,其中好氧菌39株,厌氧菌26株。从好氧和厌氧菌株中分别选取3株和1株具有不同抗菌类型的菌株进行大批发酵,用不同的方法对发酵液吸附,分离和纯化,获得抗真菌活性组分。可见,海岸盐沼湿地土壤中蕴涵着大量的细菌种群,约有28%的细菌菌株能够产生抗真菌活性物质,其中Y6、Y156和Y96的抗真菌活性物质极性较大,值得进一步开发。     

新疆红雁池鱼场非洲鲫鱼传染病病原学研究初报

红雁池鱼场利用电场冷却电机回流水饲养非洲鲫鱼。１９８２～１９８３年分３批从北京小唐山温泉鱼场引进非洲鲫鱼，进场不久即大批死亡，死亡率由１８．３７％到几乎全群覆灭，造成很大的经济损失．经采样进行细菌分离与鉴定并对菌株作药敏试验，同时将病鱼组织磨碎，匀浆后进行差速离心和梯度离心沉淀，点样用磷钨酸和醋酸氧铀分别染色作电镜观察。其结果为；电镜检查未发现病毒，细菌学检查分离出８株细菌。分离出的细菌以气单胞菌属菌为主（８株菌中、气单胞属菌占６株），因此定名为气单胞菌感染复合症（ＡｅｒｏｍｏｎａｄＭｉｘｅｄＩｎｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ　Ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ）。分离上述菌株对小白鼠有较强致病力，鉴于国外文献报道气单胞菌属偶能引起人传染性胃肠炎，故本病可能为人鱼共患病，特此报道．警惕注意。     

活性乳酸菌饮料中发酵乳酸度与柠檬酸用量关系的研究

为了研究活性乳酸菌饮料中发酵乳酸度与柠檬酸用量的关系,本实验首先对影响口味的各因素(糖量、柠檬酸量、发酵乳酸度)最适范围进行了确定,然后通过三因素三水平选出最佳配比,最后以最佳配比的酸度为标准,在加糖量为5.5%时,测得了不同发酵乳酸度下所需柠檬酸的量。结果表明:发酵乳酸度与柠檬酸用量可以作出一条线形曲线。     

日粮添加豆油和胡麻油对肉牛瘤胃发酵及主要微生物数量的影响

 【目的】评价日粮添加植物油对瘤胃发酵和瘤胃微生物区系的影响。【方法】采用3×3拉丁方设计，用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的杂交肉牛研究不添加油脂（对照组）、添加4％豆油（豆油组）或4％胡麻油（胡麻油组）对瘤胃pH值、NH3-N浓度、VFA以及瘤胃细菌和原虫的影响。3组日粮精粗比均为35﹕65，每期试验为21d，共3期。【结果】添加油脂对瘤胃内pH值没有影响(P＞0.05)；对照组和胡麻油组瘤胃NH3-N浓度显著高于豆油组(P＜0.05)；与对照组相比，豆油组和胡麻油组显著降低了瘤胃乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、总挥发性酸浓度以及总细菌、蛋白分解菌、纤维分解菌及原虫的数量(P＜0.05)，但对乙酸与丙酸比例以及淀粉分解菌数量两个指标组间无显著差异(P＞0.05)。对照组、豆油组和胡麻油组纤维分解菌和原虫的数量依次分别为6.79×108、5.71×108、5.92×108；10.67×104、7.11×104、9.56×104 CFU•ml-1；两个加油组显著降低了瘤胃纤维分解菌和原虫数(P＜0.05)。【结论】日粮添加4％豆油和胡麻油对瘤胃发酵及主要微生物都有一定的抑制效应，但二者抑制效应大小无显著差异。     

沼泽红假单胞菌的抗氧化酶活性和对紫外线的吸收作用

对不同培养方式下沼泽红假单胞菌的5个菌株的菌体的抗氧化酶活性以及培养液的细胞和上清液对紫外线吸收作用进行了研究。结果表明,5个菌株的活细胞CAT活性普遍以好氧黑暗条件下的培养物高于微好氧光照条件下的,SOD活性则以微好氧光照条件下的培养物高于好氧黑暗条件的。5个菌株在好氧黑暗、微好氧光照培养条件下的细胞液和培养液的上清液在紫外线200～300nm波长范围有明显的吸收峰。     

嫁接对西瓜根际微生物种群数量及群落结构的影响

分别采用微生物培养的方法、16S rDNA PCR-RFLP方法和phl D基因PCR-RFLP方法研究了嫁接对西瓜根际微生物种群数量、细菌群落结构及拮抗菌（2, 4-DAPG产生菌）群落结构的影响。结果表明：① 嫁接西瓜根际细菌和真菌数量有所提高,而放线菌数量则有所减少。② 嫁接西瓜与自根西瓜具有1个相同的主要根际细菌基因型;不同砧木嫁接的西瓜与自根西瓜也分别具有不同基因型的细菌。③ 嫁接西瓜具有与自根西瓜不同的主要根际拮抗菌基因型。     

硫酸盐还原菌的分离与生态特点研究

采用S培养基进行富集培养的方法对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)进行了分离与鉴定。实验通过对SRB的生理和生化特性的了解,结合其生存条件和存在状态进行研究,得出主要的环境因素中pH值和温度对SRB的腐蚀作用的影响关系,并提出采用合适的环境因素来更好的控制SRB的生长代谢活动,得出有效的防治措施来控制硫酸盐还原菌引起的腐蚀,延长有关设备的正常使用寿命。     

Effect of Bacillus subtilis on granite weathering: A laboratory experiment

We performed a comparative experiment to investigate: (1) how the ubiquitous soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis weathers granite; and (2) which granite-forming minerals weather more rapidly via biological processes. Batch system experiments (granite specimen in a 500 ml solution including NaCl, glucose, yeast extract and bacteria B. subtilis at 27 °C) were carried out for 30 days. Granite surfaces were observed by SEM before and after the experiment. B. subtilis had a strong influence on granite weathering by forming pits. There were 2.4 times as many pits and micropores were 2.3 times wider in granite exposed to B. subtilis when compared with bacteria-free samples. B. subtilis appear to preferentially select an optimum place to adhere to the mineral and dissolve essential elements from the mineral to live. Plagioclase was more vulnerable to bacterial weathering than biotite among the granite composing minerals.     

Fungal biomass in pastures increases with age and reduced N input

Previous studies have shown that soil fungal biomass increases towards more natural, mature systems. Shifts to a fungal-based soil food web have previously been observed with abandonment of agricultural fields and extensification of agriculture. In a previous field experiment we found increased fungal biomass with reduced N fertilisation. Here, we explore relationships between fungi, bacteria, N input and grassland age on real dairy farms in the Netherlands. We hypothesised that also in pastures that are still in production there is a negative relationship between fungal biomass and fertilisation, and that fungal biomass increases with grassland age in pastures that are still in production. We expected the fungal/bacterial biomass ratio to show the same responses, as this ratio has often been used as an indicator for management changes. We sampled 48 pastures from eight organic dairy farms. Sites differed in age and fertilisation rate. We determined fungal and bacterial biomass, as well as ergosterol (a fungal biomarker). Fungal and bacterial biomass and ergosterol, showed a negative relationship with N application rate, and correlated positively with organic matter percentage. In old pastures, fungal biomass and ergosterol were higher than in younger pastures. Because bacterial biomass responded in the same way as fungal biomass, the F/B ratio remained constant, and can therefore—in our data set—not be used as an indicator for changing management. We conclude that the changes in fungal and bacterial biomass were driven by changes in organic matter quality and quantity. The negative relationship we found between N application rate and fungal biomass adds to earlier work and confirms the presence of this relationship in pastures with relatively small differences in management intensities. Earlier studies on shifts in fungal biomass focused on ex-agricultural fields or restoration projects. Here we show that fungal biomass is also higher in older agricultural pastures.