乙酰辅酶A羧化酶抑制剂的研究进展

乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)是除草剂的作用靶标之一，此类除草剂主要有两类：芳氧苯氧丙酸类(APP)和环己烯酮类(环己二酮，环己烯二酮，CHD)。本文就ACCase抑制剂的发展历史、合成方法、结构与活性和除草机制等方面作了概述。     

Effects of Chinese herbal compound Huannaoyicongfang on inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in brain of APP transgenic mice

AIM: To study the effects of Chinese herbal compound Huannaoyicongfang (HNYCF) on inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress in the brain of Alzheimers disease (AD) animal model, and to explore its role in treating AD. METHODS: APP695V717I transgenic mice (3 months old),as an AD model in this study, were randomly divided into model group, donepezil group, HNYCF high-dose group and HNYCF low-dose group. C57BL/6J mice, which were of the same age and genetic background as the transgenic mice, were used as controls. The animals were administered intragastrically with the drug or water from 3 months old to 9 months old. Morris water maze test was performed to measure the spatial learning and memory ability. Step-down test was performed to observe the learning and memory ability of single passive avoidance response. The expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in hippocampus CA1 region was detected by immunohistochemistry with image analysis. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in the brain cortex and hippocampus homogenate were measured by radioimmunoassay. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum was detected by colorimetry. The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum was detected by thibabituric acid method. RESULTS: Morris water maze test showed that the times of crossing platform, and the swimming time and distance in the fourth quadrant in HNYCF groups were much more than those in model group. The step-down test manifested that the escape latency in HNYCF high-dose group was significantly longer than that in model group. Compared with model group, the expression of NF-κB obviously decreased, the expression of PPARγ significantly increased and the content of IL-6 was lower in HNYCF groups. The activity of serum SOD in HNYCF groups was significantly higher than that in model group. CONCLUSION: HNYCF evidently ameliorates the learning and memory ability in APP transgenic mice, which may be related to the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation effects of HNYCF.     

APP蛋白家族胞内段释放与神经干细胞向神经元细胞定向分化的关系研究

[目的]研究APP家族胞内段对神经细胞定向分化的影响。[方法]通过分离体外培养神经干细胞,转染导入APP蛋白家族胞内段以过表达后,研究其对神经干细胞向神经元定向分化的影响。[结果]APP家族蛋白胞内段的过表达可以抑制神经干细胞向神经元细胞的分化,其中APP和APLP2胞内段的影响尤为显著。突变试验表明,通过Capase水解释放末端31氨基酸片断是这个过程必需的。APP家族胞内段是通过释放APP-ICD31来抑制神经干细胞向神经元细胞的定向分化。[结论]该研究进一步证实了APP蛋白和老年痴呆病发生的联系,也为老年痴呆症的治疗提供新的靶点。     

水稻群体源库特征及高产栽培策略研究

据作物源库理论,水稻不同品种的9类基本群体均可归属于源限制型、库限制型、源库限制型或源库优化型群体,其中源库优化型群体是高产群体。为获取水稻高产,小穗型品种（如早丰9号）宜塑造成速发稳降或速发缓降群体,大、中穗型品种（如盐粳187）宜塑造成稳发稳降或稳发缓降群体。650～700kg/667m#+2的群体,需有颖花3000万朵左右,籽粒充实度达到0.7～0.8,其势容比为16～18m#+2·d/万粒,直观标准相当于抽穗后第30d的群体叶面积(指数),应不低于抽穗时上三叶的最大叶面积(指数)。     

APP-PER-MEL阻燃剂对竹粉/PP复合材料性能的影响

采用硅烷包覆型聚磷酸铵(APP)作为阻燃剂，对竹粉/聚丙烯（PP）复合材料进行阻燃改性，研究APP的用量对复合材料阻燃性能和力学性能的影响；基于APP的最佳用量，以APP、季戊四醇（PER）和三聚氰胺（MEL）作为膨胀型阻燃剂（IFR），研究APP、PER和MEL的互配比例对复合材料阻燃和力学性能的影响。结果表明，随着APP用量的增加，复合材料的阻燃性能不断增强，但弯曲和拉伸强度下降。当APP用量为复合材料总质量的15%时，其综合性能较佳，与未阻燃复合材料相比，极限氧指数（LOI）由17.1%提高至21.5%，弯曲模量和缺口冲击强度（NIS）分别增强14.8%和32.2%，弯曲强度和拉伸强度分别降低9.3%和28.8%。当APP、PER和MEL的互配比例为3∶1∶1时，添加15% IFR的复合材料的力学性能总体增强，与未阻燃复合材料相比，弯曲强度、弯曲模量和NIS分别增强18.1%、20.0%和23.3%，仅拉伸强度降低10%。锥形量热仪和极限氧指数仪结果显示，IFR阻燃复合材料的热释放速率、热释放速率峰值和总热释放量分别降低56.7%、40.2%和30.5%；LOI提高至25.9%，复合材料的阻燃性能进一步改善，但是，总产烟量增大了16.7%，该IFR的添加对复合材料的持久抑烟效果不佳。     

Potential use of hematological and acute phase protein parameters in the diagnosis of acute Schmallenberg virus infection in experimentally infected calves

The initial viraemic phase of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) infection in bovine animals is characterized by the non-specific and inconspicuous clinical signs of pyrexia (>40 °C), drop in milk yield and sometimes diarrhea. As a result, the early detection of SBV epizootics can difficult, and typically only become apparent when the congenital form of the disease is observed. The aim of the study was to describe the course of the acute phase response and haematological findings in bovine calves following experimental SBV infection. No clinical signs except for increase in rectal temperature were observed in the calves inoculated subcutaneously with a Polish strain of SBV. Viral RNA was detected in serum at 2 and 4 days post inoculation (dpi). SBV antibodies were first detected by ELISA (9–21 dpi), and subsequently by virus neutralization test (14–32 dpi). The hematological parameters showed a reduction in mid-size leucocytes (MID), and also in red blood cell count (RBC). An increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin was also observed in SBV infected calves. No significant difference in acute phase proteins (APP) was observed between experimentally infected and control calves, suggesting limited potential as diagnostic biomarker of acute SBV infection.     

S100A12在胸膜肺炎放线杆菌诱导猪肺泡巨噬细胞炎性细胞因子表达及吞噬中的作用

试验旨在探究S100A12在胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae，APP）诱导猪肺泡巨噬细胞（porcine alveolar macrophages，PAM）炎性细胞因子表达及吞噬中的作用。PAM细胞接种APP菌株后，用实时荧光定量PCR检测感染后不同时间点炎性细胞因子和S100A12的mRNA表达水平；构建S100A12重组蛋白表达载体并进行重组蛋白的表达纯化，用MTT法检测其对PAM的细胞毒性，实时荧光定量PCR检测不同浓度（0、5、50和500 ng/mL） S100A12重组蛋白对PAM炎性细胞因子mRNA表达水平的影响；构建S100A12干扰质粒，用Western blotting、实时荧光定量PCR及流式细胞术检测其干扰效率及其对APP感染PAM后炎性细胞因子mRNA表达水平和细胞凋亡的影响；用平板计数法检测S100A12表达对APP的黏附侵袭及其在PAM细胞内存活的影响。结果表明，APP感染促进PAM中IL-6、IL-8、IL-18、IL-1β和TNF-α等炎性细胞因子表达的同时也促进S100A12的表达，且该表达随APP感染剂量增大及时间的延长均显著或极显著增加（P<0.05；P<0.01）。5、50和500 ng/mL重组蛋白S100A12对PAM均没有毒性。5和50 ng/mL的重组蛋白S100A12均可显著促进PAM中IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-21和IL-5等炎性细胞因子的表达（P<0.05），而高浓度的S100A12重组蛋白则对上述炎性细胞因子表达无影响（P>0.05）。干扰质粒可成功阻断S100A12蛋白的表达，与转染shNC的对照组相比，在APP诱导下转染shS100A12干扰质粒的PAM中细胞因子IL-6、IL-8、IL-1β和IL-5的转录水平显著或极显著降低，且细胞凋亡率也显著或极显著增加（P<0.05；P<0.01）。进一步研究发现，干扰PAM中S100A12蛋白的表达可显著增强APP对PAM的黏附侵袭能力及其在PAM内的存活能力（P<0.05），相反，体外添加S100A12重组蛋白则显著抑制APP对PAM细胞的黏附侵袭及其在PAM内的存活（P<0.05）。以上研究表明，S100A12具有增强APP感染后PAM炎性细胞因子的表达、抑制APP诱导的PAM凋亡和降低APP对PAM的黏附侵袭及其在PAM内存活的作用，为进一步揭示APP感染过程中S100A12对PAM调控作用及机制奠定了基础。     

两步路户外助手APP在生物多样性调查中的应用

生物多样性为人类社会的生存和发展提供了基础的环境和物质条件,而随着生物多样性问题的日益突出,对于生物多样性的研究和保护也有了更高的要求。野外调查作为生物多样性研究和保护的基础工作,提高其调查的准确性以及便利性尤为重要。两步路户外助手是一款能够在手机和平板电脑上使用的专业户外软件,具有离线地图下载及导航、路线设计、轨迹记录、兴趣点标记、数据共享等功能,可为生物多样性的调查提供极大的便利性与可靠性。通过介绍两步路户外助手软件相关功能在生物多样性调查中的实现,并将其与乐图、奥维地图、六只脚3种同类型户外软件进行比较,展示两步路户外助手在生物多样性调查中的准确性与便利性,以期为生物多样性调查研究提供技术和方法参考。     

基于迁移学习的农作物病虫害检测方法研究与应用

为了提高农作物病虫害严重程度（健康、一般、严重）的分类效果，采用迁移学习方式并结合深度学习提出了一种基于残差网络（ResNet 50）的CDCNNv2算法。通过对10类作物的3万多幅病虫害图像进行训练，获得了病虫害严重程度分类模型，其识别准确率可达91.51%。为了验证CDCNNv2模型的鲁棒性，分别与使用迁移学习的ResNet 50、Xception、VGG16、VGG19、DenseNet 121模型进行对比试验，结果表明，CDCNNv2模型比其他模型的平均精度提升了2.78~10.93个百分点，具有更高的分类精度，病虫害严重程度识别的鲁棒性增强。基于该算法所训练的模型，结合Android技术开发了一款实时在线农作物病虫害等级识别APP，通过拍摄农作物叶片病虫害区域图像，能够在0.1~0.5s之内获取识别结果（物种-病害种类-严重程度）及防治建议。     

SI与APP、PRRS、PCV－2和Mhyo交叉感染的血清学调查

对甘肃省健康规模猪场和发病（非流感）规模猪场进行H1N1和H3N2猪流感（SI）感染抗体检测,健康规模猪场H1N1SI和H3N2SI混合感染抗体阳性率为25．45％（28／110）;发病（非流感）规模猪场H1N1SI和H3N2SI混合感染抗体阳性率为25．97％（20／77）。对两个规模猪场1、6、7和10月份的抗体检测结果,平均抗体阳性率分别为21．27％、56．14％、75％和15．62％。H1N1和／或H3N2SI阳性猪场猪传染性胸膜肺炎（APP）、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（PARS）、猪圆环病毒病（PCV-2）和猪支原体肺炎（Mhyo）感染抗体平均阳性率依次分别为50．79％、40．32％、43．82％和33．33％;猪传染性胸膜肺炎（APP）免疫抗体平均保护率为49．5％,猪繁殖与呼吸综合征（PRRS）、猪圆环病毒病（PCV-2）和猪支原体肺炎（Mhyo）免疫抗体阳性率依次分别为56．52％、47．92％和38．04％。