Effect of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate on Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, larvae challenged with pathogenic Vibrio anguillarum

This study investigated the protective effect of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) on Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, zoea larvae challenged with pathogenic Vibrio anguillarum. PHB was delivered to the crab larvae through rotifer and Artemia bioencapsulation. Zoea 3 larvae were challenged with V. anguillarum at a final concentration of 10(5) CFU mL(-1). PHB-enriched rotifers and Artemia nauplii were added to the culture water 24 h prior to, upon and 24 h after challenge. The results confirmed that PHB could enhance the survival and growth of unexposed E. sinensis larvae. Moreover, PHB protected larvae from the pathogen as the larvae fed PHB-enriched live food showed the highest survival and development rate in all challenged groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, larval performance was the best when PHB was delivered to the larvae 24 h before challenge (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results indicate that PHB can be used as part of an effective strategy to protect E. sinensis larvae from V. anguillarum resulting in higher survival and better growth, especially when applied before the challenge.     

Exploring the potential of providing and feeding pikeperch larvae (Sander lucioperca L.) with euryhaline copepod nauplii: A zoo technical trial

Egg hatching and nauplii success from three euryhaline calanoid copepod species at low salinities suggest a promising alternative initial live feed for pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L.) to the conventional live feed. Acartia bifilosa and Eurytemora affinis are viable candidates with egg hatching down to zero salinity, and Acartia tonsa nauplii survive up to 2 h at zero salinity after transfer from low-salinity seawater. When offered A. tonsa and Artemia, pikeperch larvae equally consumed both prey types. We suggest that euryhaline copepods can be a supplement to or even a substitute for the normal live feed currently used as larval feed for pikeperch.     

抑食金球藻对卤虫和鼠的急性毒性及对兔皮肤和眼的刺激作用

2011年夏季,我国秦皇岛沿岸海域再次暴发了大面积的微微型浮游植物抑食金球藻褐潮。为了弄清该藻的毒性以及评估其对人们生命健康的影响,本实验以卤虫作为受试生物,在室内条件下测试了该褐潮水体对卤虫的急性毒性及卤虫对该藻的摄食作用,并以室内纯种培养的抑食金球藻对小白兔进行急性皮肤刺激和眼刺激实验,对小白鼠进行急性经口毒性实验。结果表明,抑食金球藻褐潮水体对卤虫无急性毒性,卤虫能以抑食金球藻为食,摄食率随着摄食藻密度的升高而上升。抑食金球藻藻液对实验兔的皮肤和眼睛无明显刺激作用,对小白鼠无急性毒性作用。该藻暴发褐潮时,对人们的生命健康安全影响较小。     

恩诺沙星对卤虫无节幼体的急性毒性

为明确恩诺沙星对卤虫无节幼体的急性毒性,设置了0,2,4,6,8,10,11,12,14 mg·mL-1 9个恩诺沙星浓度,分析24 h半最大效应浓度(24 h EC50)、24 h半致死浓度(24 h LC50)和48 h半最大效应浓度(48 h EC50)、48 h半致死浓度(48 h LC50)。结果表明,25℃条件下,24和48 h恩诺沙星对卤虫无节幼体的最大不致死浓度分别为04和02 mg·mL-1,使卤虫无节幼体全部死亡的最低浓度分别为 14 和11 mg·mL-1。采用概率单位法计算恩诺沙星对卤虫无节幼体的EC50和LC50。恩诺沙星对卤虫无节幼体24和48 h的EC50分别为(1066 ± 033)和(1054 ± 033) mg·mL-1,LC50分别为 (946 ± 033)和(771 ± 033) mg·mL-1。结果表明,卤虫无节幼体对恩诺沙星的敏感性较低,常规使用范围内,对卤虫无节幼体的存活无明显影响。     

Enrichment of Artemia metanauplii in phospholipids and essential fatty acids as a diet for common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) paralarvae

Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), like the eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids and polar lipids (essentially phospholipids, PL) have been identified as essential nutrients for common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) paralarvae. However, they are not available in sufficient amounts in live preys as Artemia, making necessary a supplementation of these nutrients previous use. A commercial emulsion, soya liposomes, and marine and soya lecithins were used to supply HUFA and PL to Artemia metanauplii, those being regarded as suitable size preys for octopus paralarvae. Our results prove that a simultaneous enrichment in HUFA and PL is possible using enrichment diets combining HUFA‐ and PL‐rich products in short‐term (4 h) incubations. Particularly interesting was the enrichment efficiency shown by the marine lecithin, which enabled the enhancement of the PL fraction of Artemia metanauplii and, importantly, also their HUFA with a remarkable 13% DHA of total fatty acids. Marine lecithin arises as a novel enrichment diet for Artemia and more effective than some commercial products currently used in hatcheries worldwide.     

Decapsulated Artemia cysts of different quality (high or low hatch‐rate) as direct food for tench (Tinca tinca L.) larvae

Three 30‐day experiments were conducted to evaluate decapsulated Artemia cysts with different quality (high or low hatch‐rate) as food for tench (Tinca tinca L.) larvae from the onset of exogenous feeding. In experiment 1, three diets were tested: Artemia nauplii‐only or cysts‐only for 30 days, and nauplii for the first 7 days and cysts thereafter. The cysts used had 86% hatching rate (high hatch‐rate cysts). The same feeding treatments were replicated in experiment 2 but with low hatch‐rate cysts (10% hatching rate). In experiment 3, five diets were tested: high hatch‐rate cysts only or low hatch‐rate cysts only for 30 days, and nauplii for the first 7, 4 or 2 days and low hatch‐rate cysts thereafter. In overall, survival was high, except with the low hatch‐rate cysts only diet. Feeding tench larvae with cysts resulted in higher growth and lower FCR compared to feeding with live nauplii only. High hatch‐rate Artemia cysts are a suitable food from the onset of exogenous feeding and low hatch‐rate cysts can be successfully used after 2–7 days feeding on nauplii.     

Prey–predator dynamics in seahorses (Hippocampus guttulatus): deciphering fatty acid clues

Understanding the flow of fatty acids between trophic levels can provide important clues on prey–predator dynamics and nutritional requirements of the species. This study investigates the fatty acid flow between enrichment emulsions, Artemia nauplii and Hippocampus guttulatus juveniles, and evaluates the nutritional value of enriched and unenriched Artemia for newborn seahorses. The fatty acid profile of Artemia and seahorses generally reflected the dietary composition, but fatty acids were not linearly transferred between trophic levels. The incorporation of dietary fatty acids showed to be a more complex process involving dietary composition, predator metabolism and nutritional requirements. Artemia composition resulted from a dynamic balance between what was assimilated and metabolized by the nauplii during enrichment. Prey fatty acids were incorporated in seahorses, but HUFA, particularly DHA, were selectively retained to fulfil their high requirements. H. guttulatus newborns were not successfully reared on Artemia nauplii, not even on enriched Artemia, with low survival rates (15.0–26.7%) being observed in all feeding treatments. The high MUFA content and low DHA level of Artemia did not fulfil the high SFA and PUFA requirements of newborn juveniles, particularly their great DHA demands. Higher survivorship was obtained with enriched Artemia, but no differences were detected in juvenile growth.     

Bioencapsulation and pharmacokinetic study of oxolinic acid in rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis), Artemia franciscana nauplii and metanauplii

The uptake of oxolinic acid by the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, Artemia franciscana nauplii and metanauplii was studied as a function of its concentration in the enrichment medium and the duration of the enrichment period. An emulsion containing 5, 10, 20 or 30% (w/w) oxolinic acid was administered and the enrichment period lasted 4, 8, 12 or 36 h. Highest incorporation of oxolinic acid was achieved using a 20% emulsion and a 12 h enrichment for rotifers (205.05 ± 17.1 μg g^?1 dry weight), a 24 h enrichment for nauplii (2528.8 ± 254.6 μg g^?1 dry weight), and an 8 h enrichment for metanauplii (1236.58 ± 22.9 μg g^?1 dry weight). Higher concentrations of oxolinic acid in the enrichment emulsion or longer enrichment times resulted in decreased survival. Two hours post enrichment the contents of the drug appeared significantly decreased. The concentration data of oxolinic acid were best fit to a two phase exponential elimination model, the first phase elimination half‐life (t_1/2α) being 1.86, 1.08 and 1.74 and the terminal phase elimination half‐life (t_1/2β) 26.83, 29.67 and 17.48 in rotifers, nauplii and metanauplii correspondingly. Enrichment with an emulsion containing 20% oxolinic acid is recommended employing a duration of 12, 24, or 8 h enrichment for rotifers, nauplii and metanauplii respectively, while enriched carriers should be used shortly after enrichment.     

Yield and Economic Efficiency of Green Water in Combination with Supplemental Feeds for Artemia Production in Vietnamese Salt Ponds

We evaluated the combined effects of different green water sources and feed supplements on Artemia biomass production and economic efficiency. A two-factor experiment was set up with two green water types produced from the ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus (N:P = 5 and N:P = 10) in combination with two types of supplemental feed (rice bran or pig manure). After 12 weeks of culture, total Artemia biomass yield with the N:P = 5 treatment (2.29 ton ha^?1 crop^?1) was 14% higher than that with the N:P = 10 treatment (1.97 ton ha^?1 crop^?1), although this difference was not significant (P > 0.05). There was no significant interaction between green water and supplemental feeding treatments for the final yield of Artemia biomass. Comparative cost-benefit analysis showed that the treatment of N:P = 5 combined with pig manure attained a significantly higher net profit and cost/benefit ratio than the other treatments.     

微藻异养/兼养生产多不饱和脂肪酸以及向卤虫的传递

等鞭金藻（Isochrysis sp.）与缺刻缘绿藻（Myrmecia incisa）分别富含二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）和花生四烯酸（ArA），是具有极高营养价值的微藻。对于这两种微藻的培养，大多是以传统的光自养为主；本研究展开了异养/兼养培养方式的探索，以期获得更高密度的生物量，以及更高产量的DHA与ArA。在使用葡萄糖作为外源有机碳源时，等鞭金藻和缺刻缘绿藻均可以实现异养生长，在黑暗条件下快速积累生物量。适宜等鞭金藻和缺刻缘绿藻异养的葡萄糖浓度分别为5 g/L和1 g/L。在此基础上，继续探究了氮浓度的影响：对于等鞭金藻，300 mg/L的硝酸钠对于生物量的生产最佳，同时对于胞内DHA积累的促进作用最强；对于缺刻缘绿藻，氮浓度对于微藻的生长影响不明显，但对其ArA的含量影响显著，缺氮培养时ArA的含量最高。在证实了两种微藻的异养特性与最适碳、氮营养供给后，我们进一步开展了兼养的研究，从而获得了显著提升的微藻生物量以及目标多不饱和脂肪酸的含量。最后，将兼养获得的两种微藻用于投喂卤虫，结果表明DHA与ArA都可以被有效传递给卤虫，从而有望开发成为营养强化型的水产饵料。本研究为等鞭金藻和缺刻缘绿藻的资源化利用提供了有价值的技术参考。