Arachidonic acid, arachidonic/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio, stearidonic acid and eicosanoids are involved in dietary-induced albinism in Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis)

Senegal sole larvae were fed live prey enriched with different amounts of arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n‐6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) to re‐evaluate the effect of these two fatty acids on flatfish pigmentation. Echium oil, a plant‐derived oil rich in gamma‐linolenic acid (18:3n‐6) and stearidonic acid (18:4n‐3) was also used as a component of one of the enrichment emulsions. Although ARA content did not have any effect on growth there was a clear influence on pigmentation that correlated clearly with prostaglandin production. Inclusion of Echium oil, on the contrary, exerted a positive effect on pigmentation rate even though dietary ARA levels were as high as in the other emulsions. The relationships between dietary ARA levels and dietary ARA/EPA ratio, prostaglandin production and pigmentation are discussed.     

Uptake of erythromycin by first-feeding sockeye salmon,Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), fed live or freeze-dried enriched adult Artemia or medicated pellets

The potential to use adult Artemia to deliver erythromycin to first-feeding sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), was investigated in three trials. In the first trial, first-feeding sockeye were fed live erythromycin enriched adult Artemia or pellets containing equal amounts of erythromycin for 35 days. At the end of the trial, tissue erythromycin concentration of the fish fed the live Artemia was significantly greater (P < 0.05, 25.52 +/- 1.29 microg mL(-1); mean +/- SEM), than the tissue concentration of the fish fed the pellets (0.72 +/- 0.01 microg mL(-1)). In the second trial, first-feeding sockeye were fed either live or freeze-dried bioencapsulated erythromycin (adult Artemia) or pellets containing erythromycin daily for 21 days. Mean daily erythromycin concentration in fish fed the freeze-dried Artemia, live Artemia, or pellets did not differ significantly. In the third trial, apparent erythromycin digestibility was determined. Significantly more (P < 0.05) erythromycin was retained by juvenile sockeye fed freeze-dried bioencapsulated erythromycin (98.3 +/- 1.0%) compared with medicated pellets (89.2 +/- 1.7%). Uptake of bioencapsulated erythromycin from adult Artemia (live or freeze-dried) appears to be greater than uptake from pellets. Freeze-dried and live Artemia were equally effective at delivery suggesting enriched freeze-dried adult Artemia could be produced into a highly palatable, consistent, off-the-shelf product.     

我国六个产地卤虫初孵无节幼体的营养价值

对我国六个地区（河北沧州，河北黄骅，山东无棣，西藏措勒，内蒙锡林浩特，新疆巴里坤湖）所产卤虫初孵无节幼体的营养组进行了测定。结果表明，六个产地卤虫初孵无节幼体的蛋白含量为46％－53％，脂肪含量为21％－26％，除色氨酸因酸水解未测定之外，六个产地卤虫的无节幼体均含有17种氨基酸，氨基酸总量为干重的38％－445，必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的48％－50％，六个产地卤虫无节幼体均含有较多的20：5n-3,18:3n-3含量很少，为海水型卤虫，其脂肪酸组成因产地而异，其中18:2n-6和20:5n-3的含量受产地的影响最大，西藏措勒的50:5n-3含量最高，达23．52％，内蒙锡林浩特最低为7．90％，六个产地卤虫的无节幼体均缺乏22：6n-3.     

卤虫幼体高密度短期营养强化条件的探究

短期卤虫营养强化是提高水产生物饵料卤虫幼体营养价值的重要途径。本研究利用商业化生产的三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)、湛江等边金藻(Isochrysis zhanjianggensis)、破囊壶菌(Schizochytrium aggregatum)干粉对初孵卤虫幼体进行强化,探索最佳卤虫强化条件,并在最适条件下分别强化美国大盐湖和乌兹别克斯坦咸海卤虫幼体,探究两种单胞藻和破囊壶菌对不同品系卤虫n-3高度不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 HUFA)的强化效果。结果表明,利用湛江等边金藻,在不同强化剂量(0.05,0.1,0.15和0.2 g/L)和不同强化时间(12 h, 18 h和24 h)条件下进行高密度卤虫强化(150,200和250 ind./mL),强化后卤虫存活率均在85~90%,且随着强化时间的延长和强化剂量的增加,卤虫个体体长和总生物量有所增加。考虑到育苗场对卤虫个体大小的要求和可操作性,建议卤虫幼体最佳强化密度为150~200 ind./mL,微藻强化剂量为0.1~0.2 g/L,强化时间为12~24 h。卤虫n-3 HUFA强化效果与强化剂种类和卤虫品系密切相关。对于大盐湖卤虫而言,强化三角褐指藻和湛江等边金藻强化的卤虫幼体EPA含量分别为7.39 mg/g dw和3.20 mg/g dw,与初孵卤虫EPA含量1.63 mg/g dw相比显著增加;对于咸海卤虫幼体,与初孵卤虫EPA含量14.35 mg/g dw相比,两种单胞藻强化的卤虫幼体EPA有所增加(分别为17.59 mg/g dw和17.26 mg/g DW),这与咸湖卤虫幼体中较高的EPA本底含量有关。另外,两种单胞藻对两个品系卤虫的DHA含量没有显著提升作用,但破囊壶菌强化咸海卤虫幼体的DHA含量达到2.31 mg/g dw,这与破囊壶菌本身较高的DHA含量(115 mg/g dw)有关。本研究为高密度短期卤虫营养强化在水产育苗中的应用提供了数据参考。     

铜离子对卤虫的急性毒性试验

卤虫是海洋浮游动物的重要类群之一,也是海仔鱼和幼虾的理想饵料,某些卤虫种类还可作为水环境监测的指标生物,其生态学特征是正确评价水体污染状况的基础。通过对卤虫的24h标准化急性毒性试验,证明了铜离子对卤虫具有急性毒害作用,以期为建立卤虫的生态毒理学指标体系提供一些理论依据。     

卤虫发育过程中几种免疫相关水解酶的测定

[目的]研究卤虫发育过程中几种免疫相关水解酶,为卤虫的免疫学研究提供参考。[方法]于2009年3～5月,用实验室孵化的卤虫,包括卵、无节幼虫、后无节幼虫、拟成虫、成虫5期一定数量的虫体,分别用磷酸苯二钠法、金氏法和分光光度计法测定酸性磷酸酶（ACPase）、碱性磷酸酶（AKPase）、α-醋酸萘酯酶（ANAE）的活性。[结果]3种酶从卤虫的卵到无节幼虫期,再到后无节幼虫期,酶活力是逐渐升高的,到拟成虫期酶活力下降,最后到成虫期酶活力达到峰值。[结论]研究表明,这3种酶活力的强弱与卤虫机体免疫有直接相关性,可作为衡量卤虫免疫功能大小的指标。     

Preliminary study on the activity of protease enzymes in Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus Borodin, 1897) larvae in response to different diets: effects on growth and survival

The specific activity of alkaline protease, trypsin and pepsin‐like enzymes was measured in yolk sac stage Acipenser persicus larvae and over a 1‐month feeding experiment using live Artemia nauplii (ND), formulated feed (FD) or mixed food (MD). Artemia nauplii group larvae showed significantly higher growth and survival during the first 15 days while FD larvae showed the lowest growth and survival. At day 30, MD larvae exhibited significantly higher growth than the ND group. Alkaline protease activity showed the lowest activity on day 15; the highest activity was observed in the MD group larvae. Pepsin‐like activity showed a drastic increase from day 1 to 5 in all treatments, but remained stable throughout the next 25 days, with the lowest and the highest activity in the FD treatment on day 10 and in the MD treatment on day 30 post‐feeding respectively. Trypsin‐like activity in group ND remained almost the same from day 5 to 30, whereas in groups MD and FD, it decreased significantly from day 10 to 30. The contribution of the naupliar proteases was moderate but effective. Additionally, better performance in Artemia fed sturgeon larvae may also be due to the structure and digestibility of proteins and the food intake stimulation by the nauplii.     

Treatment of vibriosis in European sea bass larvae, Dicentrarchus labrax L., with oxolinic acid administered by bath or through medicated nauplii of Artemia franciscana (Kellogg): efficacy and residual kinetics

European sea bass larvae were challenged by bath with Listonella anguillarum strain 332A, 2.5×10(7) CFUmL(-1) for 1h. Fish either received no treatment or oral treatment with Artemia franciscana (Kellog) nauplii enriched with oxolinic acid, or bath treatments with oxolinic acid. Medication commenced 1day following challenge and was performed on days 1, 3 and 5 post-challenge at a dosage of 20mgL(-1) for 2h for bath treatments, while two doses each of 750 nauplii per fish were administered daily for five consecutive days in oral treatments. Cumulative mortality reached 96% for the unmedicated challenged group, 32% in the group receiving bath treatments and 17% in the group receiving medicated nauplii. Pharmacokinetic parameters of oxolinic acid were calculated in sea bass larvae, for both treatments. Steady-state concentrations of oxolinic acid of 48.0 and 75.2μgg(-1) were achieved for bath treatment and oral treatment, respectively, while the elimination half-life was calculated to be 25.1h for bath treatment and 21.7h for oral treatment.     

Are Known Cyanotoxins Involved in the Toxicity of Picoplanktonic and Filamentous North Atlantic Marine Cyanobacteria?

Eight marine cyanobacteria strains of the genera Cyanobium, Leptolyngbya, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, and Synechococcus were isolated from rocky beaches along the Atlantic Portuguese central coast and tested for ecotoxicity. Strains were identified by morphological characteristics and by the amplification and sequentiation of the 16S rDNA. Bioactivity of dichloromethane, methanol and aqueous extracts was assessed by the Artemia salina bioassay. Peptide toxin production was screened by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Molecular analysis of the genes involved in the production of known cyanotoxins such as microcystins, nodularins and cylindrospermopsin was also performed. Strains were toxic to the brine shrimp A. salina nauplii with aqueous extracts being more toxic than the organic ones. Although mass spectrometry analysis did not reveal the production of microcystins or other known toxic peptides, a positive result for the presence of mcyE gene was found in one Leptolyngbya strain and one Oscillatoria strain. The extensive brine shrimp mortality points to the involvement of other unknown toxins, and the presence of a fragment of genes involved in the cyanotoxin production highlight the potential risk of cyanobacteria occurrence on the Atlantic coast.     

Effects of different light intensities on growth,survival, reproductive and life span characteristics of Artemia urmiana (Günther 1890)

Effects of light intensities on growth, survival, reproductive and life span traits of Artemia urmiana were investigated under laboratory conditions. Nauplii of A. urmiana were hatched and raised in 100 g L^?1 at four illuminations including 0, 100, 2000 and 5000 lx with 14:10 (light:dark) photoperiod. Mating pairs of mature animals were randomly isolated and reared continuously under similar conditions. The mode and potential of reproduction as well as adult survival shown by each pair were determined throughout their life span. Results showed that percentages of nauplii survival were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different at 5000 and 0 lx (76.50% compared with 26.25%) respectively. Total number of offspring was highly correlated with the light intensities showing increased numbers at higher light intensities compared with darkness or 100 lx. Reproduction mode was relatively affected by various light intensities. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences were found both in reproductive period and life span at different illuminations. Maximum and minimum offspring productions per reproductive day were found at 5000 and 100 lx respectively. The relative degree of oviparity increased as the illumination decreased (57.92% compared with 22.65% at 0 and 5000 lx respectively). The optimum light intensities appear to be between 2000 lx and 5000 lx in this study. These findings could probably be useful for mass culture of A. urmiana in indoor or recirculating systems as well as in outdoor systems for intensive cyst and biomass production.