干旱条件下硫对玉米生理特性的影响

以农大108为供试材料,以4个不同含硫量的Hogland营养液为硫素处理,以正常供水和30%PEG6000作为水分处理来模拟干旱胁迫,探究硫在干旱条件下对玉米叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,干旱显著降低苗期玉米叶绿素含量,减少叶片可利用的光能,对PSⅡ反应中心造成损伤,降低叶片光合能力,影响玉米苗期干物质积累。与不施硫相比,干旱下施硫4 mmol/L处理的SPAD值、净光合速率和干物质积累量分别提高39.71%、73.25%和47%。叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、ETR、φPSⅡ、q P和Fm分别增大18.71%、21.16%、45.22%、44.34%和19.65%,NPQ降低61.27%,改善了PSⅡ反应中心活性。SOD、POD和CAT酶活性分别提高26.37%、13.95%和82.20%,MDA含量降低48.63%,表明硫可以缓解叶片干旱损伤,施硫浓度在4 mmol/L有较好表现。     

两种母质的红壤性水稻土中微生物硫循环代谢途径特征

水稻土氧化还原交替频繁，使不同形态的硫元素转化的生物化学反应活跃，对水稻生产影响显著。本文以花岗岩和第四纪红色黏土母质发育的红壤性水稻土为研究对象，通过宏基因组测序以及生物信息学分析，研究了红壤性水稻土硫循环途径相关功能微生物特征，包括有机硫转化途径、其他（转运）途径、同化硫酸盐还原途径、硫氧化途径、异化硫酸盐还原途径以及硫歧化途径。结果表明：两种母质发育的红壤性水稻土具有相同的硫循环途径特征，即有机硫转化途径微生物功能基因丰度的发生频率最高，每百万个带注释的细菌序列平均检测到16000个有机硫转化的功能基因；硫歧化途径微生物功能基因丰度的发生频率最低，每百万个带注释的细菌序列平均仅检测到116个硫歧化途径功能基因。两种母质发育的红壤性水稻土中主导硫循环的微生物，在门分类水平上，微生物组成没有显著差异，都以变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）为优势菌门，占比分别为55.19%、10.61%、7.18%等。在种水平分类上则差异显著，花岗岩母质发育的水稻土中硫循环途径微生物相对丰度更高，且所有途径的优势菌种都为Deltaproteobacteria bacterium、Acidobacteria bacterium、Betaproteobacteria bacterium，其丰度占花岗岩母质水稻土硫循环微生物丰度的40%以上；而在第四纪红色黏土母质发育的水稻土中参与硫循环每条途径的优势功能微生物更加丰富，如在有机硫转化途径中Gemmatirosa kalamazoonesis丰度最高，在其他（转运体）途径Azoarcus sp.的丰度最高，在同化硫酸盐还原途径丰度最高的微生物是Anaeromyxobacter sp.。研究结果表明：两种不同母质发育的红壤性水稻土中存在相同的硫循环途径特征，两种母质发育的红壤性水稻土中主导硫循环的微生物在门水平上没有显著差异，但在种水平分类上差异显著，表明不同母质中会存在着独特的优势硫转化功能菌群。     

黄褐土和潮土中硫素在植物生长发育关键时期的消长

为了解河南省分布面积最大的两种类型土壤中硫素的转移、转化和积累规律，从而指导硫肥的合理施用，本研究测定了黄褐土和潮土烟田上层（0~20 cm）、中层（20~40 cm）和下层（40~60 cm）土壤在烤烟关键生育期（移栽前、团棵期、现蕾期和收获后）的全硫、有机硫、无机硫和有效硫含量。结果表明：①团棵期，黄褐土上层各形态硫含量降低、中下层各形态硫含量增加，潮土中上层各形态硫含量增加、下层各形态硫含量下降；现蕾期，黄褐土中层无机硫和有效硫含量降低，潮土中层各形态硫和下层无机硫、有效硫含量均下降；收获后，黄褐土中下层无机硫和有效硫含量降低，潮土各土层无机硫和有效硫含量增加、有机硫含量降低。②在黄褐土和潮土烟田，现蕾期烤烟体内的全硫积累量分别约为当地硫肥施用量的25.35%和11.84%，且与移栽前相比，黄褐土各土层各形态硫在烤烟收获后均显著增加；收获后潮土上层有机硫含量略有降低（-10.21mg/kg）、但无机硫（+175.11 mg/kg）和有效硫（+174.99 mg/kg）含量显著增加，中层各形态硫含量均增加显著，下层有机硫和全硫含量降低、但无机硫和有效硫含量增加。综上，黄褐土和潮土试验点的硫肥施用量均大于需求量。但黄褐土中可能因硫素的转移能力较弱、向有机硫转化的能力较强，硫素更容易在各层土壤积累，而潮土中过量的硫则可能较易转移和淋失，污染其他土壤及地表和地下水，因此，黄褐土和潮土烟田的硫肥施用量均应适当减少，且潮土烟田还应适当减少基肥施用量、增加追肥次数并减小施肥深度，以减少土壤硫素的积累和淋失，从而减少土壤面源污染。     

PM2.5 reduction capacities and their relation to morphological and physiological traits in 13 landscaping tree species

Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is emerging as a serious environmental problem worldwide with the increase in anthropogenic emission sources, such as fossil fuels, transportation, and industries. In urban areas, where industrial complexes and human activities are concentrated, PM_2.5 poses a threat to human health. Recently, because of their ability to reduce PM_2.5, the introduction of landscaping trees as an environment-friendly solution has become popular; however, there remains a lack of research on the selection of species and their management. In this study, we quantified and compared the PM_2.5 reduction capacities of 13 major landscaping tree species and analyzed their relationship with the morphological and physiological characteristics of each species. The results showed that the amount of PM_2.5 reduction per leaf area differed among species and was the highest in Ginkgo biloba (28 165 ± 5353 # cm⁻² min⁻¹) and the lowest in Pinus strobus (1602 ± 186 # cm⁻² min⁻¹). Moreover, PM_2.5 reduction by the broadleaf species (18 802 ± 1638 # cm⁻² min⁻¹) was approximately 8.6-fold higher than that of the needleleaf species (2194 ± 307 # cm⁻² min⁻¹). Correlation analysis revealed that differences in PM_2.5 reduction were explained by differences in specific leaf area between species (P = 0.004) and by the length of margin per leaf area among individual trees (P < 0.05). Additionally, reduction in PM_2.5 correlated with photosynthetic properties such as maximum assimilation and carboxylation rates (P < 0.001), indicating that PM_2.5 is reduced not only by physical adsorption but also by physiological processes. These findings emphasize that for effective reduction in PM_2.5 using landscaping trees, comprehensive consideration of the morphological and physiological characteristics of the species is essential during species selection, and that continuous management is also necessary to maintain the active physiological conditions of the trees.     

硫酸盐黑液热解特性分析

采用可视化单液滴反应器观察硫酸黑液在400～800℃范围内的热解膨胀行为,判断较低和较高温度下的不同膨胀特性。测定了3种硫酸盐黑液在450～850℃范围内热解永久性气体中H_2、CO、CO_2和CH_4相对含量,考察热解气体中大量H_2的主要来源。热解导致的总硫释放量通过对热解焦的分析得到,并用碘量法确定了气相中H_2S含量。结果表明:高于500℃时,黑液膨胀至最大体积后将开始收缩,而低于此温度则膨胀至最大体积后保持不变;黑液热解永久性气体中H_2的含量较高,在惰性载气连续吹扫的情况下,水蒸气并未参与热解焦气化反应,几乎全部的H_2均来自黑液有机物的分解;低于650℃时总硫与H_2S释放量随温度升高而增加,而高于此温度时释放量反而逐渐减少。