玉米秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对土壤理化性质及玉米产量的影响

为研究玉米秸秆还田及配施腐熟剂对土壤理化性质和玉米产量的影响。在博乐市小营盘镇玉米种植区设置了3个处理的田间试验,测定土壤理化性质及土壤酶活性,并调查玉米产量。结果表明,玉米秸秆还田能增加玉米产量,增加土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾,提高土壤酶活性,降低土壤容重。尤其以秸秆还田配施有机物料腐熟剂效果显著。     

鸡舍内有害气体的净化方法和控制措施

鸡舍中的有害气体主要有氨气、硫化氢、二氧化碳、一氧化碳和甲烷等，这些气体对鸡的健康、生产性能和养鸡效益造成了严重的危害。有效净化和控制鸡舍内的有害气体，是鸡饲养管理工作的重点。 1 种类及危害 氨气是由粪便中的含氮有机物被细菌发酵分解后产生。浓度过高，常致鸡结膜、上呼吸道黏膜充血、水肿而发病，对鸡的生长发育、产蛋均会产生不良影响。     

电子垃圾拆解场地污染特征及土壤监测评估的研究概况

在分析电子电气设备中限制使用的有害物质,探讨电子垃圾中的特征污染物的基础上,综述了国内典型电子垃圾拆解场地土壤污染特性,并对部分水体及人体动植物污染特征进行分析。文章结合全国土壤环境质量调查确定的土壤监测指标,提出电子垃圾拆解场地应予以关注的土壤监测评价指标和拆解场地土壤评估程序,为该类型污染场地治理和环境管理提供科学依据。     

发展生物质产业

地球上能量的终极来源，除形成之初集聚的核能与地热外，与我们关系最为密切的是地球形成后持续来自太阳的辐射。绿色植物出现前，辐射能尽散失于大气，唯绿色植物可利用日光能将它吸收的二氧化碳和水合成为有机物——碳水化合物，将光能转化为化学能并贮存下来。绿色植物成为地球上最重要的光能转换器和能源之源。碳水化合物是光能储藏库，生物质是光能循环转化的载体，连煤炭、石油和天然气也是地质时代的绿色植物在地质作用影响下转化而成的。     

热脱附-气相色谱质谱法测定挥发性有机化合物的研究

运用自动热脱附仪和气相色谱/质谱联用技术,通过对木制品中释放的多种挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行测试,得到较优的测试处理条件.研究发现,该方法的重现性和稳定性较好;较低的采样流速,可有效的降低苯在Tenax TA吸附管中的穿透行为.     

污水人工湿地系统中有机物积累规律与堵塞机制的研究进展

论述了人工湿地系统中有机物积累规律、土壤堵塞机制以及避免系统堵塞的措施。最后探讨了人工湿地中有机物动态的研究发展方向。     

钙盐诱导下土壤锰和铁的释放及其对胡椒的生物有效性

Releases of manganese and iron ions from an albic soil (Albic-Udic Luvisol), a yellow-red soil (Hap-Udic Ferrisol) and a yellow-brown soil (Arp-Udic Luvisol) induced by calcium salt addition and their bioavailability to pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) were studied in a pot experiment. Addition of Ca(NO₃)₂ decreased soil pH and increased both exchangeable and DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid)-extractable Mn and Fe in soils. Meanwhile, total Mn accumulation in the shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. on the salt-treated soils increased significantly (P< 0.01) compared with the control, suggesting that salt addition to soil induced Mn toxicity in Capsicum frutescens L. Although exchangeable and DTPA-extractable Fe increased also in the salt-treated soils, Fe uptake by the shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. decreased. The effect of added salts in soils on dry matter weight of pepper varied with the soil characteristics, showing different buffer capacities of the soils for salt toxicity in an order of yellow-brown soil > albic soil > yellow-red soil. Fe/Mn ratio in shoots of Capsicum frutescens L. decreased with increasing salt addition for all the soils, which was ascribed to the antagonistic effect of Mn on Fe accumulation. The ratio of Fe/Mn in the tissue was a better indicator of the appearance of Mn toxicity symptoms than Mn concentration alone.     

以水稻为主的种植系统对土壤有机质状况的影响

A long-term simulation experiment was carried out to study the effect of rice-based cropping system, green manure and ground-water level on soil organic matter. Soil organic matter content increased when upland soil was puddled and cropped under submerged conditions. Among all treatments, soil organic matter contents in the treatments of rice-rice-flooded fallow in winter (WF) were the highest, those in the treatments of rice-rice-astragalus (WG) came the second, and those in the treatments of rice-rice-rape (WR) were the lowest. At the same rate of green manure application, the degrees of organo-mineral complexing in soils of treatments WG and WR were higher than those of treatment WF. After 9-year rice cultivation, the state of combination of humus in heavy fraction varied with treatments. The relative content of loosely bonded humus decreased in the order of WR > WG > WF, and it correlated significantly with Se availability.     

几种有机物对紫色土镉的溶出效应与吸附-解吸行为影响的研究

研究了天然有机物胡敏酸和富里酸 ,螯合剂EDTA和DTPA和四种简单有机酸对紫色土镉的溶出效应和吸附解吸行为的影响。结果表明 ,供试八种有机物均能显著促进镉从紫色土中的溶出。作用大小顺序为 :EDTA≥DTPA >柠檬酸 >胡敏酸 >草酸 >富里酸 >酒石酸≥水杨酸。有机物对土壤镉溶出和迁移的影响是其对土壤镉吸附和解吸综合作用的结果。有机物显著降低了紫色土对镉的吸附 ,其作用大小顺序与其对镉的溶出能力的相对大小顺序一致 ,同时也改变了吸附镉的解吸特性。有机物影响下 ,紫色土镉的吸附动力学模型以双常数方程拟合最佳。而吸附等温曲线以Freundlich方程拟合最好 ,吸附常数n与有机物对土壤镉的溶出率之间存在良好的相关性。     

土壤水溶性有机物的紫外光谱特征及地域分异

测定了中国中东部地区 1 7种土类 45个样点近表层 1 0cm土样中水溶性有机物的紫外光谱和分子量分布特征 ,同时测定部分样品富里酸的相应特征。在此基础上比较和分析水溶性有机物与富里酸紫外光谱特征的差异、紫外光谱特征与样品平均分子量分布的关系及其地域分异规律。结果表明土壤水溶性有机物和富啡酸具有相似的紫外光谱特征 ;WSOC样品紫外 /可见光比值与其平均分子量负相关 ,而WSOC单位浓度的紫外吸收值则与平均分子量正相关。研究区水溶性有机物的单位浓度紫外吸收值具有明显的自北向南和自东向西递降的趋势 ,从根本上受制于水热条件的WSOC分子量分布可能是影响样品紫外特征地域分异的主要因素。