Sublethal effects of sulfoxaflor on the fitness of two species of wheat aphids,Sitobion avenae(F.) and Rhopalosiphum padi(L.)

Sitobion avenae(F.) and Rhopalosiphum padi(L.) are two important pests of wheat in China. They typically coexist in fields during the late period of wheat growth. Sulfoxaflor is a novel sulfoximine insecticide that demonstrates broad-spectrum efficacy, especially in targeting sap-feeding insects. This study was carried out to investigate the sublethal effects of sulfoxaflor on the development, longevity, and reproduction of two species of wheat aphids. Our results showed that sublethal concentrations of sulfoxaflor did not cause significant effects on the fecundity or the longevity of the parent generation(F_0 generation) of either S. avenae or R. padi. However, it caused transgenerational sublethal effects. For S. avenae, adult longevity of F_1 generation was significantly decreased. No significant differences were observed on the population parameters of S. avenae in the F_1 generation. For R. padi, the adult preoviposition period(APOP) and the total preoviposition period(TPOP) of F_1 generation were significantly reduced. The mean generation time(T) was significantly reduced in the R. padi F_1 generation. What's more, the intrinsic rate of increase(r_m) and the finite rate of increase(λ) were significantly increased in the R. padi F_1 generation. Taken together, these results suggest that exposure to the LC_(25) of sulfoxafl had no effects on the parent generation of S. avenae or R. padi, but it reduced adult longevity of S. avenae as a negative effect and increased the r_m and λ of R. padi in the first progeny generation, which may have an impact on the population dynamics of R. padi.     

氟啶虫胺腈在棉花和土壤中的检测方法与残留动态研究

研究和建立了氟啶虫胺腈在土壤、棉籽和棉叶中的高效液相色谱检测方法,并在天津和杭州两地开展了氟啶虫胺腈在棉花中的田间残留试验研究。样品采用乙腈提取,正己烷萃取,氟罗里硅土柱层析净化,正己烷/丙酮(体积比6∶4)混合液洗脱,减压浓缩至干,甲醇定容,高效液相色谱配可变波长紫外检测器进行检测。当分别在空白土壤、棉籽和棉叶样品中添加浓度为0.05～2.5mg·kg^-1的氟啶虫胺腈标准品时,其平均添加回收率在76.81%～94.43%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.54%～7.20%之间;氟啶虫胺腈的最小检出量为1 ng,在所有样品中的最低检出浓度均为0.05mg·kg^-1。田间残留试验结果表明,氟啶虫胺腈在土壤和棉叶中的消解规律符合一级动力学模型C_t=C₀e^-kt,消解半衰期分别为1.36～5.10 d和6.13～9.37d。最终残留试验结果表明,在棉花田手动喷雾施用50%氟啶虫胺腈水分散粒剂,按推荐剂量和1.5倍推荐剂量施药,兑水喷雾处理2～3次,每次施药间隔7 d,在距最后1次施药7、14 d和21d时,氟啶虫胺腈在棉籽和土壤中的残留量均小于方法最低检出浓度0.05mg·kg^-1。     

我国棉蚜对吡虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈抗性水平监测与交互抗性分析

为了解我国不同地区棉蚜Aphis gossypii对吡虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈的抗性现状,对代表性棉区棉蚜田间种群进行抗药性监测,同时通过构建具有R81T及V62I单突变和R81T-V62I共同突变的棉蚜烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体（nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,nAChR）蛋白模型,与吡虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈进行分子对接,分析这些突变在吡虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈抗性中的作用,并分析吡虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈之间是否存在交互抗性。结果显示,不同地区棉蚜对吡虫啉产生了高水平抗性,抗性倍数为174.70~56 409.18,对氟啶虫胺腈产生了低至中等水平抗性,抗性倍数为7.35~44.63,说明不同地区的棉蚜对氟啶虫胺腈的敏感度高于吡虫啉,且吡虫啉抗性和氟啶虫胺腈抗性间不存在相关性。R81T、V62I单突变和R81T-V62I共同突变导致吡虫啉与棉蚜nAChR的亲和力降低,对氟啶虫胺腈与棉蚜nAChR的结合无明显影响。R81T及V62I单突变和R81T-V62I共同突变导致棉蚜对吡虫啉产生靶标抗性,但是对氟啶虫胺腈的抗性无明显影响,这些突变不会导致吡虫啉与氟啶虫胺腈产生靶标突变的交互抗性。     

Differential metabolism of sulfoximine and neonicotinoid insecticides by Drosophila melanogaster monooxygenase CYP6G1

Sulfoxaflor [N-[methyloxido[1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinyl]ethyl]-λ⁴-sulfanylidene] cyanamide] is in development as the first product from the new sulfoximine class of insect control agents. Highly effective against a variety of sap-feeding pest insects, available data indicate no cross-resistance to sulfoxaflor in pest insect strains that exhibit high levels of resistance to neonicotinoids and other insecticides. In vitro studies of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP6G1 from Drosophila melanogaster, expressed in a Drosophila cell line, show very high levels of metabolism for a variety of neonicotinoids, but not for sulfoxaflor and its chloropyridine-analog. A sulfoxaflor analog with nitrogen in place of the carbon in the bridge between the pyridine and sulfoximine moiety shows a modest degree of metabolism. In silico homology modeling of the CYP6G1 with the sulfoximines and neonicotinoids suggests that steric effects may limit interactions of the sulfoximines with the reactive heme-oxo complex. A distinct relationship was identified for the summed Hückel charges and the degree of metabolism observed. These observations help explain the lack of sulfoxaflor metabolism by CYP6G1, and in turn provide a basis for the lack of cross-resistance to sulfoxaflor in insecticide resistant strains of pest insects.     

Sulfoxaflor and the sulfoximine insecticides: Chemistry,mode of action and basis for efficacy on resistant insects

The sulfoximines, as exemplified by sulfoxaflor ([N-[methyloxido[1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinyl]ethyl]-λ⁴-sulfanylidene] cyanamide] represent a new class of insecticides. Sulfoxaflor exhibits a high degree of efficacy against a wide range of sap-feeding insects, including those resistant to neonicotinoids and other insecticides. Sulfoxaflor is an agonist at insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and functions in a manner distinct from other insecticides acting at nAChRs. The sulfoximines also exhibit structure activity relationships (SAR) that are different from other nAChR agonists such as the neonicotinoids. This review summarizes the sulfoximine SAR, mode of action and the biochemistry underlying the observed efficacy on resistant insect pests, with a particular focus on sulfoxaflor.     

Biological characterization of sulfoxaflor, a novel insecticide

BACKGROUND: The commercialization of new insecticides is important for ensuring that multiple effective product choices are available. In particular, new insecticides that exhibit high potency and lack insecticidal cross‐resistance are particularly useful in insecticide resistance management (IRM) programs. Sulfoxaflor possesses these characteristics and is the first compound under development from the novel sulfoxamine class of insecticides. RESULTS: In the laboratory, sulfoxaflor demonstrated high levels of insecticidal potency against a broad range of sap‐feeding insect species. The potency of sulfoxaflor was comparable with that of commercial products, including neonicotinoids, for the control of a wide range of aphids, whiteflies (Homoptera) and true bugs (Heteroptera). Sulfoxaflor performed equally well in the laboratory against both insecticide‐susceptible and insecticide‐resistant populations of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, and brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), including populations resistant to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid. These laboratory efficacy trends were confirmed in field trials from multiple geographies and crops, and in populations of insects with histories of repeated exposure to insecticides. In particular, a sulfoxaflor use rate of 25 g ha^?1 against cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) outperformed acetamiprid (25 g ha^?1) and dicrotophos (560 g ha^?1). Sulfoxaflor (50 g ha^?1) provided a control of sweetpotato whitefly equivalent to that of acetamiprid (75 g ha^?1) and imidacloprid (50 g ha^?1) and better than that of thiamethoxam (50 g ha^?1). CONCLUSION: The novel chemistry of sulfoxaflor, its unique biological spectrum of activity and its lack of cross‐resistance highlight the potential of sulfoxaflor as an important new tool for the control of sap‐feeding insect pests. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

褐飞虱对氟啶虫胺腈的抗性监测与生化抗性机制

为明确我国褐飞虱田间种群对氟啶虫胺腈的抗性现状及生化抗性机制,2017年-2019年采用稻茎浸渍法测定了采集自7省共13个褐飞虱田间种群对氟啶虫胺腈的抗性,并研究了氟啶虫胺腈抗性种群与其他杀虫剂的交互抗性以及增效剂对氟啶虫胺腈的增效效果。结果表明：近3年来褐飞虱对氟啶虫胺腈产生了中等水平抗性(RR=10.3～30.9)。氟啶虫胺腈抗性品系对呋虫胺、噻虫嗪和烯啶虫胺分别产生了9.1倍、7.9倍和4.1倍的低水平交互抗性,与噻嗪酮、毒死蜱、吡蚜酮、三氟苯嘧啶和吡虫啉不存在交互抗性。增效剂PBO对氟啶虫胺腈抗性品系和浙江龙游19(Longyou-19)田间种群分别具有4.2倍和3.8倍的明显增效作用。综上,褐飞虱田间种群已对氟啶虫胺腈产生中等水平抗性。多功能氧化酶参与了褐飞虱对氟啶虫胺腈的代谢抗性。     

氟啶虫胺腈亚致死浓度对桃蚜生长和繁殖的影响

【目的】氟啶虫胺腈属第4代新烟碱类药剂,研究旨在探讨氟啶虫胺腈亚致死浓度对F_0(当代)及F_1(第1代)桃蚜(Myzus persicae)生长发育和繁殖的影响,为氟啶虫胺腈的合理使用提供理论依据。【方法】氟啶虫胺腈对桃蚜的亚致死剂量采用波特喷雾塔法确定,将琼脂铺于玻璃培养皿底部,再将新鲜油菜叶片背面向上铺在琼脂上。挑取15头成蚜至油菜叶片上,置于波特喷雾塔下喷雾,药剂设置7个浓度,处理48 h后检查桃蚜死亡情况,采用POLO-Plus10.0软件计算LC_(10)和LC_(25)。采用建立生命表的方法评估氟啶虫胺腈亚致死剂量对桃蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响。评估药剂对F_0代桃蚜的影响时,分别以LC_(10)和LC_(25)喷施成蚜,48 h后将成蚜移至未着药叶片,单头饲养直至死亡。评估药剂对F_1代桃蚜的影响时,以LC_(10)和LC_(25)处理成蚜,48 h后将成蚜移至未着药叶片待其产蚜,24 h后随机选取初产若蚜单头饲养直至死亡,记录蚜虫存活及繁殖情况。采用SPSS16.0软件分析若蚜发育历期、成蚜寿命、单雌产蚜量及生命表参数差异显著性。【结果】根据室内生物测定结果,氟啶虫胺腈对桃蚜成蚜48 h的LC_(10)和LC_(25)分别为0.012和0.041 mg·L~(-1)。亚致死浓度的氟啶虫胺腈显著降低了F_0和F_1代桃蚜成蚜寿命、单雌产蚜量和产蚜历期,并表现为随药剂浓度增加,成蚜寿命、产蚜历期缩短,单雌产蚜量降低。LC_(10)和LC_(25)浓度处理F_0代桃蚜后,成蚜寿命分别为20.89和15.47 d,均显著低于对照的25.41 d;单雌产蚜量分别为56.51和27.33头,显著低于对照的71.02头;产蚜历期分别为20.74和14.37 d,显著低于对照的25.27 d;F_1代成蚜寿命分别为14.80和9.76 d,产蚜历期分别为12.03和8.59 d,单雌产蚜量分别为46.20和28.23头。与对照相比,LC_(10)浓度的氟啶虫胺腈处理显著延长了F_1代1龄若蚜的发育历期(1.73和2.21 d),LC_(25)浓度的氟啶虫胺腈处理显著延长了2龄若蚜的发育历期(1.43和1.58 d),其余龄期及整个若蚜期发育历期与对照相比均无显著差异。生命表参数分析表明,氟啶虫胺腈LC_(10)和LC_(25)浓度处理后桃蚜净增殖率R_0与对照相比显著降低,R_0分别为47.15、24.55和64.47。【结论】亚致死剂量的氟啶虫胺腈能够显著抑制F_0及F_1代桃蚜的寿命和繁殖力。     

桃蚜对5种新烟碱类杀虫剂及氟啶虫胺腈抗性的快速检测方法

采用玻璃管药膜法,建立了以吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、烯啶虫胺5种新烟碱类杀虫剂及氟啶虫胺腈对桃蚜室内敏感品系(SN)的LC90值作为区分剂量,测定桃蚜对6种杀虫剂敏感性变化的方法,并与浸叶法测得的抗性水平进行了相关性分析,验证了利用区分剂量快速测定桃蚜田间种群对6种杀虫剂抗性水平的准确性。结果表明:6种杀虫剂对桃蚜室内敏感品系的LC90值分别为150.01、1 170.81、54.19、951.34、245.98及133.60 ng/cm2。在此区分剂量下,河南省驻马店地区桃蚜种群(ZM)的死亡率在82%~96%之间;河北省玉田地区甘蓝桃蚜种群(GL)的死亡率在35%~82%之间,桃树桃蚜种群(TS)死亡率在3%~30%之间。分析表明,在选定的区分剂量下,桃蚜田间种群的死亡率与其对杀虫剂的抗性水平呈负相关,相关系数在0.818 8~0.999 9之间。同时,通过相关性方程计算得到的江苏省南京地区桃蚜种群(NJ)对6种杀虫剂的理论抗性水平与实际检测所得抗性水平结果接近。因此,以玻璃管药膜法确定的吡虫啉、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、烯啶虫胺及氟啶虫胺腈对桃蚜室内敏感品系的LC90值作为区分剂量,通过测定桃蚜田间种群的死亡率,可以快速表征田间种群对6种杀虫剂的敏感性变化,从而对其抗性水平进行初步评估。