实验感染肝片吸虫山羊的病理生理学——Ⅲ.细胞因子水平的变化

试验选择6只健康白山羊（经粪便学检查和Dot-ELISA检测，确认无肝片吸虫感染）随机分成Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组，其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ组山羊每只分别1次口服接种200、500个肝片吸虫囊蚴，Ⅲ组作为不感染对照组，每周颈静脉采血1次，连续11周，检测肝片吸虫感染后山羊血清中IL-2、TNF-α水平的变化和外周血淋巴细胞分泌IL-2的能力。结果表明，山羊试验感染肝片吸虫后，Ⅰ组山羊血清IL-2水平在感染后有所下降，而Ⅱ组山羊血清IL-2水平在感染后有所升高；感染不同剂量肝片吸虫的山羊血清TNF-α水平和淋巴细胞IL-2分泌水平均有不同程度的升高，在感染后第1周淋巴细胞就有反应，并且对非特异性刺激原和特异性刺激原的应答都有显著升高。这一结果提示，TNF-α可能参与肝片吸虫对肝的损伤过程，肝片吸虫感染剂量对宿主的IL-2含量影响较大，同时IL-2在宿主防御免疫中有重要作用。     

Mycobacterium marinum infection in fish and man: epidemiology,pathophysiology and management; a review

Mycobacterium marinum is an opportunistic pathogen inducing infection in fresh and marine water fish. This pathogen causes necrotizing granuloma like tuberculosis, morbidity and mortality in fish. The cell wall-associated lipid phthiocerol dimycocerosates, phenolic glycolipids and ESAT-6 secretion system 1 (ESX-1) are the conserved virulence determinant of the organism. Human infections with Mycobacterium marinum hypothetically are classified into four clinical categories (type I–type IV) and have been associated with the exposure of damaged skin to polluted water from fish pools or contacting objects contaminated with infected fish. Fish mycobacteriosis is clinically manifested and characterized in man by purple painless nodules, liable to develop into superficial crusting ulceration with scar formation. Early laboratory diagnosis of M. marinum including histopathology, culture and PCR is essential and critical as the clinical response to antibiotics requires months to be attained. The pathogenicity and virulence determinants of M. marinum need to be thoroughly and comprehensively investigated and understood. In spite of accumulating information on this pathogen, the different relevant data should be compared, connected and globally compiled. This article is reviewing the epidemiology, virulence factors, diagnosis and disease management in fish while casting light on the potential associated public health hazards.     

实验感染肝片吸虫山羊的病理生理学.血液生理生化指标及抗体动态

给山羊分别实验感染肝片吸虫囊蚴 2 0 0、50 0个 /只 ,感染后每周颈静脉采血 1次 ,测定血液生理生化指标和抗体动态的变化。结果表明 ,山羊实验感染肝片吸虫后 ,血液中 RBC、Hb明显下降 ;WBC和嗜酸性粒细胞数显著增加 ;血清中谷 -草转氨酶 ( AST)从第 2周开始上升 ,第 8周和第 9周达到峰值 ;γ-谷氨酰转肽酶( GGT)于感染后第 7周和第 8周开始升高 ,第 1 0周和第 1 1周达高峰 ;以 ELISA检测抗体表明 ,2个试验组山羊感染后血清中 Ig G分别在第 9周和第 6周达峰值 ,随后均稍有下降 ,一直呈波动趋势 ,但在整个试验期内 ,一直高于对照组 ( P<0 .0 5或 P<0 .0 1 )。分析认为 ,山羊感染肝片吸虫后表现的贫血是正细胞正色素型 ,伴有低白蛋白性 ,肝脏损伤明显 ,体液免疫反应增强     

Feline glaucoma--a comprehensive review

Cats with glaucoma typically present late in the course of disease. It is likely that glaucoma in cats is under-diagnosed due to its insidious onset and gradual progression, as well as limitations of some commonly used tonometers in this species. Treatment of glaucoma in feline patients presents a clinical challenge, particularly as glaucoma is often secondary to other disease processes in cats. In this review, we consider the clinical features, pathophysiology, and classification of the feline glaucomas and provide current evidence to direct selection of appropriate treatment strategies for feline glaucoma patients.     

Effects of the gill monogenean Zeuxapta seriolae (Meserve, 1938) and treatment with hydrogen peroxide on pathophysiology of kingfish, Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833

Infections by the gill fluke Zeuxapta seriolae are a serious concern for sea cage aquaculture of kingfish, Seriola lalandi. The present study aimed to determine the pathophysiological effects of a progressive infection with Z. seriolae and the effects of treatment with hydrogen peroxide. For the progression of infection study, infected fish were taken from a sea cage farm, treated to remove parasites and then infected by cohabitation with heavily infected fish. Samples were taken at 2-week intervals for 8 weeks. Infection intensity peaked at 4 weeks post-infection (mean intensity 565.9) and the number of mature worms (2 mm fixed length or larger) peaked at 6 weeks post-infection. Attachment of Z. seriolae appeared to cause little localized pathology; however, the occurrence of hyperplastic lamellae increased as the infection progressed. Haemoglobin concentrations were negatively correlated with Z. seriolae intensity and were lower than controls at 4 weeks (35.8% decrease) and 6 weeks (57.4% decrease) post-infection. Blood lactate concentration and plasma osmolality increased throughout the course of infection. For the effect of treatment experiment, groups of infected and non-infected fish were sampled either before or after treatment with hydrogen peroxide. Treated fish from both infected and uninfected groups had increased plasma lactate, osmolality and pH compared with pre-treatment groups. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide appeared to have acute effects on fish health but the magnitude (e.g. lactate, osmolality) and extent of the effects (e.g. haemoglobin) was much less than that caused by chronic infection with Z. seriolae.