基于不同纯化策略的4种对虾血蓝蛋白的凝集活性及分子基础对比分析

既往研究表明,对虾血蓝蛋白(hemocyanin, HMC)是一种具有抗病毒、抗菌等多种免疫学活性的免疫球蛋白超家族(immunoglobulin superfamily, IgSF)分子,但迄今为止,其功能多样性的分子基础尚不是很清楚。本研究以凡纳滨对虾HMC为研究对象,采用亲和层析、凝集素层析技术获得4种HMC成分:A-HMCs、A-HMCl、AL-HMCs和AL-HMCl,发现其对不同细菌的凝集活性存在较大差异。其中,AL-HMCs和AL-HMCl对大肠杆菌和副溶血弧菌的凝集活性明显强于A-HMCs和A-HMCl,前者约为后者的2～32倍。继而,通过双向凝胶电泳(two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, 2-DE)和凝集素印迹技术对不同HMC的蛋白质组成和糖基化修饰水平进行对比分析。结果显示,4种HMC在2-DE图谱上表现为6～7个差异明显的蛋白质点,且与伴刀豆凝集素(concanavalin A, ConA)、花生凝集素(peanut agglutinin, PNA)、荆豆凝集素(ulex europaeus agglutinin, UEA)和双花扁豆凝集素(dolichos bifows agglutinin, DBA)等4种凝集素的识别存在显著性差异。其中,A-HMCl 6个蛋白点均可识别4种凝集素,而A-HMCs 6个蛋白点中仅有4、3个点分别与UEA、DBA反应呈阳性,AL-HMCs和AL-HMCl可以与UEA、PNA特异性显色的点分别为其总蛋白点的3/7、2/6。由此推测,对虾血蓝蛋白功能多样性的分子基础可能与其蛋白质组成和糖基化修饰水平的多样性密切相关。     

Apoptosis in diabetic foot ulcers and human fibroblast cells treated with AGEs

AIM：To investigate cell apoptosis in diabetic foot ulcers and the effect of advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) on apoptosis in human fibroblast cells. METHODS：Diabetic foot patients (n=18) and 18 age-matched non-diabetic controls were recruited. The clinical and biochemical features were compared by statistics methods. Skin biopsies were obtained from foot. Cleaved caspase-3 was measured by immunohistochemistry using the technique of streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC) staining. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) technique was used to detect apoptosis of the skin tissues. Human primary foreskin fibroblasts were isolated and cultured in the presence of 5.6 mmo/L glucose, 25 mmo/L glucose, fluctuant glucose (changing the glucose from 5.6 mmo/L to 25 mmo/L every 8 h) or AGEs (150 mg/L, containing 5.6 mmo/L glucose). After 72 h treatment, Western blotting was used to determine the levels of the apoptotic protein cleaved-caspase-3. Other cells were trypsinized, washed with cold PBS and incubated with PI and Annexin V-FITC, then analyzed by flow cytometry to detect cell apoptosis. RESULTS：Diabetic patients had higher levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2 h PBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and longer wound duration. The protein level of cleaved caspase-3 was significantly higher in diabetic group, suggesting that apoptosis was increased in diabetic skin tissues. TUNEL analysis showed that apoptotic index was higher in diabetic group compared with that in non-diabetic group (8.4%±1.5% vs 3.8%±08%), which further confirmed that cell apoptosis was increased in diabetic foot tissues. In human fibroblasts, the levels of cleaved caspase-3 in normal group, sustained high glucose group, fluctuant high glucose group and AGEs group were 080±0.13, 1.22±0.18, 1.46±0.32 and 1.83±0.25, respectively. The apoptotic rates detected by flow cytometry were 2.43%±0.19%, 2.89%±0.51%, 3.99%±0.24% and 6.83%±0.36%, respectively. Both the level of cleaved caspase-3 and the apoptotic rate in AGEs group were higher than those in normal glucose group and sustained high glucose group. CONCLUSION：Increased apoptosis in diabetic foot ulcers is one of the most important reasons for impaired wound healing. As compared to sustained high glucose and glucose fluctuations, AGEs induce greater apoptosis in human fibroblast cells.     

α-甘露糖苷酶研究进展

α-甘露糖苷酶多具有糖苷水解酶38、47家族保守序列,目前已测序的α-甘露糖苷酶基因序列超过2000多种,根据α-甘露糖苷酶基因保守序列可将其分为三类,即Ⅰ类α-甘露糖苷酶、Ⅱ类α-甘露糖苷酶和未分类α-甘露糖苷酶。α-甘露糖苷酶主要参与蛋白质糖基化修饰和糖蛋白聚糖水解修饰。其代谢异常可以引起多种疾病,目前研究较多的是由α-甘露糖苷酶功能障碍引起的先天性红细胞生成异常性贫血Ⅱ型和α-甘露糖苷贮积症。论文主要对α-甘露糖苷酶的分类及其在糖基化过程中的作用,以及与之有关的疾病进行介绍,以期为苦马豆素毒性作用机制研究提供理论参考。     

Identification of N-linked Glycoproteins in Silkworm Serum Using Con A Lectin Affinity Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry

Glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications to occur during protein biosynthesis, but remains poorly understood in insects. In this study, we collected serum proteins from two silkworm developmental stages, namely day 7 of the fifth instar larval stage and day 2 of the pupal stage. Results of SDS–PAGE and periodic acid-Schiff staining revealed that most serum proteins with high abundance were putative glycoproteins. LC-MS/MS identified 149 larval and 303 pupal serum proteins in the Con A lectin-enriched fractions. GO analysis revealed that many serum proteins were involved in the proteolysis and carbohydrate metabolic process. 82 N-linked glycoproteins with at least one glycosylation site were identified. N-Linked glycosylation occurred at the sequon, Asn-X-Ser/Thr, and the proportions of Ser and Thr glycosylation at the hydroxy position were found 39.6% and 60.3%, respectively. The N-glycan structures found in serum glycoproteins were mainly Man₂FucGlcNAc₂ (67.9%). Since storage protein 1 and transferrin had a relatively high abundance in the serum and could be significantly enriched by Con A lectin, their glycosylation was analyzed in detail. Glycoside hydrases, serine proteases and serpins were found to form three interacting glycoprotein networks using the website STRING. This study provides important clues for the understanding of the function of N-linked glycosylation in metabolism, immunity, and metamorphosis.     

Abietic acid alleviates AGEs-induced apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in cardiomyocytes via inducing autophagy

AIM: This study aims to explore the effect of abietic acid (AA) on advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs)-induced apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. METHODS: H9c2 cells were divided into 5 groups. The cells in control group were treated with saline for 24 h. The cells in AGEs treatment group were treated with AGEs (100 mg/L) for 24 h. The cells in AGEs+AA (10, 25 and 50 μmol/L) groups were simulta-neously treated with AGEs (100 mg/L) and AA (10, 25 and 50 μmol/L) for 24 h. The cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The protein levels of myoglobin (Mb), creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), cleaved caspase-12, GADD34, BiP, LC3, P62 and beclin 1 were determined by Western blot. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured by ELASA. The apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The low concentration (<50 μmol/L) of abietic acid had no obvious effect on the viability of H9c2 cells. The high concentration (>50 μmol/L) of abietic acid decreased the viability of H9c2 cells. The levels of Mb, CK-MB, cTnI and LDH in AGEs group were higher than those in control group (P<0.05). Compared with AGEs group, the levels of Mb, CK-MB, cTnI and LDH in AGEs+AA (10, 25 and 50 μmol/L) groups were obviously reduced (P<0.05). Abietic acid at concentrations of 10, 25 and 50 μmol/L inhibited AGEs-induced apoptosis, elevated the protein levels of CHOP and cleaved caspase-12, and attenuated expression of GADD34 and BiP (P<0.05). Moreover, abietic acid at concentrations of 10, 25 and 50 μmol/L suppressed AGEs-induced decreased ratio of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ and expression of beclin 1, and enhanced the expression of P62 (P<0.05). 3-Methyladenine, an inhibitor of autophagy, reversed the effect of abietic acid on the protein levels of LC3, Mb, cleaved caspase-12 and BiP (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Abietic acid alleviates AGEs-induced apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in H9c2 cardiomyocytes via inducing autophagy.     

布鲁氏菌P39基因的克隆、原核表达及其糖基化修饰

为探究糖基化修饰对布鲁氏菌P39蛋白免疫原性的影响,本试验对布鲁氏菌P39蛋白进行了表达和纯化,并对表达的蛋白进行了甘露六糖修饰。参照GenBank公布的布鲁氏菌P39基因序列设计引物,从布鲁氏菌16M基因组中克隆P39基因片段并连接至pMD19-T载体,转化大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞,提取阳性菌株质粒进行酶切等鉴定,鉴定正确后构建重组质粒pGEX-6P-1-P39,对重组蛋白进行诱异表达与条件优化。利用SDS-PAGE和Western blotting对诱导表达的目的蛋白进行分析,将鉴定正确的蛋白经GST亲和层析柱纯化。通过EDC/NHS法对纯化的P39蛋白进行甘露六糖修饰,研究甘露六糖修饰后目的蛋白对巨噬细胞吞噬的影响。结果显示,本试验成功克隆了片段大小为1 206 bp的目的基因,构建了pGEX-6P-1-P39原核表达载体,在大肠杆菌中成功表达了P39蛋白,该蛋白主要以可溶性形式存在。Western blotting结果显示,在约65 ku处有特异性条带。纯化后获得目的蛋白大小为43 ku,成功对目的蛋白P39进行了糖基化修饰,得到修饰产物与蛋白的摩尔比为2.3∶1。此外,糖基化修饰可显著提前蛋白激活小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬作用时间。本试验结果可为研究甘露六糖修饰影响P39蛋白免疫原性的机制提供参考。     

乳蛋白质糖基化的研究进展

乳中不但含有营养成分,还含有多种生物活性物质。糖蛋白作为乳中具有生物活性的多糖复合物,能够起到防止病原菌感染、调节肠道微生物菌群和免疫防御等作用。本文综述了蛋白质糖基化的类型、研究方法、乳中主要糖蛋白的组成、糖基化位点、糖链结构及乳糖蛋白的生物学功能的研究进展,旨在为进一步研究乳蛋白质糖基化提供参考,为利用乳中具有重要生物学功能的糖蛋白提供一定的理论依据。     

适宜含水率保持油茶籽贮藏品质

为了确定油茶籽贮藏适宜的含水率,研究了在4℃,不同含水率(7%、10%、13%、16%、20%)油茶籽贮藏期间的品质变化。结果表明,较低的含水率能较好保持油茶籽的贮藏特性及营养品质。其中,含水率为7%的油茶籽贮藏效果较好,但与10%处理效果差异不明显(P>0.05)。在整个贮藏期,含水率为7%时油茶籽可溶性蛋白下降了13.05 mg/g,油酸含量下降了2.38%,酸值、过氧化值等品质指标上升速率较慢,同时能较好保持β-谷甾醇和角鲨烯等生物活性成分;其次是10%的含水率处理。而含水率为20%的油茶籽贮藏期间可溶性蛋白下降较快,贮藏结束时为25.47 mg/g,油茶籽劣变严重,所提取的油样品质变差,营养物质含量较少,因此含水率20%的油茶籽不适宜长期贮藏。综合考虑油茶籽品质因素和处理成本,认为控制含水率在10%以下能较好保持油茶籽的贮藏品质。该研究可为科学合理地贮藏油茶籽提供参考。     

糖接枝处理改善大豆蛋白纤维聚集体泡沫稳定性

为了探究糖接枝对大豆蛋白纤维聚集行为和泡沫性质的影响,明确蛋白质结构与功能的关系,该研究以大豆蛋白(soy protein isolation,SPI)和乳糖(lactose)为原料,通过干热法制备糖接枝大豆蛋白(SPI-lactose conjugate,SPI-Lac),以及在酸性条件下加热诱导其形成纤维聚集体(p H值2.0),制备了一种糖接枝大豆蛋白纤维聚集体(SPI-lactose conjugate fibillar aggregates),并考察了糖接枝对大豆蛋白的纤维聚集行为及泡沫性质的影响。研究结果表明:大豆蛋白在酸性条件下(p H值2.0)经加热后会发生水解,同时水解产物不断聚集形成大分子的纤维聚集体。糖接枝导致大豆蛋白的水解速度下降,但荧光光强和粒径的结果表明糖接枝能增强纤维聚集能力。SPI-Lac在中性条件下的溶解度(p H值5.0—7.0)显著高于SPI(P0.05),且不同时间处理的SPI-Lac纤维聚集体均能改善SPI在酸性条件下的溶解度(p H值2.0—5.0)。此外,不同时间处理的SPI-Lac纤维聚集体在酸性条件下的起泡能力均高于SPI纤维聚集体。SPI和SPI-Lac纤维聚集体的形成会导致SPI起泡能力的下降,但是短时间酸热处理形成的纤维聚集体泡沫稳定性得到显著改善。因此,糖接枝结合短时间酸热处理制备的糖接枝大豆蛋白纤维聚集体在中性条件下的泡沫稳定性显著提高(P0.05),是合理有效的蛋白质改性方法。     

水稻白叶枯病菌糖基化岛GI基因的分子鉴定

为了阐述水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,Xoo)糖基化岛(Glycosylation Island,GI)基因的结构特征以及可能的生物学功能,研究通过基因克隆和序列分析,对GI基因结构特征进行了鉴定;通过与铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Pa)a型短GI基因的比较,对XooGI基因进行了功能推测分析。用特异性引物进行PCR扩增,从野生型菌株PXO99A基因组中克隆了10个GI基因序列。该GI插在鞭毛基因簇中,上游为转录调控因子基因fleQxoo,下游为鞭毛基体蛋白基因fliExoo。GI基因均为单拷贝,转录方向相同。GI基因核苷酸序列在Xoo和Paa型短岛中同源性达41.98%~78.58%,其中糖基转移酶基因rbfC具有保守结构域(Glycos_transf_2),在病原黄单胞中同源性较高。在GI基因启动子中存在σ54保守结合序列GG-(N10)-GC和转录调控因子FleQxoo结合序列CC-(N4)-C-(N4)-T。因此,XooGI可能具有进化上的结构和功能保守性;其基因转录可能受到σ54和FleQxoo的直接调控。