外源添加物强化中温碱抽提玉米秸秆渣酶解过程的研究

以中温碱抽提玉米秸秆渣为研究对象,考察了不同外源添加物对酶解工艺的辅助作用和影响机制。研究结果表明,采用中温碱抽提玉米秸秆可以脱除50.02%木质素,添加PEG6000辅助水解作用明显。当纤维素底物质量浓度40 g/L,酶用量在纤维素酶(Celluclast 1.5 L)15 FPIU/g和纤维二糖酶(Novozyme 188)30 BU/g水解48 h,添加PEG6000 4.0 g/L葡萄糖得率73.51%,酶解率84.51%,较未添加样品上升幅度分别达到26.2%和27.1%。添加PEG不仅可以减轻酶蛋白和碱抽提玉米秸秆渣的吸附,提高酶在液相中的分配,对纤维素酶活力和稳定性也具有显著的促进作用。PEG存在下纤维素酶1.5 L的滤纸酶活提高34.1%,稳定性提高57.3%。     

Mechanism of quercetin improving rat coronary artery myogenic response under high glucose

AIM: To investigate the mechanism of quercetin improving rat coronary artery myogenic response under high glucose (HG) by measuring muscle tension of coronary arterial ring and recording voltage-gated K⁺ channel (Kv) current of coronary artery smooth muscle cells by whole cell patch clamp. METHODS: The coronary rings from the normal SD rats were acutely isolated, and then divided into 6 groups: (1) control group; (2) HG group; (3) HG+low dose (3 μmol/L) of quercetin group; (4) HG+moderate dose (10 μmol/L) of quercetin group; (5) HG+high dose (30 μmol/L) of quercetin group; (6) HG+C6303 (PKC inhibitor)+high dose of quercetin group. Determinations of coronary artery response to vasoconstrictor (60 mmol/L KCl or 0.1 mmol/L U46619) or vasodilator (ACh at 10^-9~10^-5 mol/L) were performed, and the percentage of coronary ring tension was calculated using the contraction as 100% caused by 60 mmol/L KCl. The rat coronary artery smooth muscle cells were acutely isolated for recording the Kv current using whole cell patch clamp. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the contraction amplitudes to 60 mmol/L KCl or 0.1 mmol/L U46619 were significantly increased under HG incubation. Quercetin intervention concentration-dependently reduced the coronary artery contraction amplitude. Incubation of PKC specific inhibitor C6303 attenuated the effect of quercetin. Compared with control group, the diastolic amplitude to ACh decreased significantly in HG group, and quercetin intervention concentration-dependently increased the coronary artery diastolic amplitude. Incubation of PKC specific inhibitor C6303 attenuated the effect of quercetin. Compared with control group, HG incubation inhibited Kv current of coronary artery vascular smooth muscle cells significantly, and quercetin intervention attenuated the inhibitory effect of HG on Kv current intensity. Incubation of PKC specific inhibitor C6303 attenuated the effect of quercetin. CONCLUSION: Quercetin has a protective effect on myogenic response of coronary artery under HG and the effects is related to the increase in Kv current and the activation of PKC in vascular smooth muscle cells.     

Lactobacillus amylophilus JCM1125在生长限制条件下的代谢特性

在以小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和可溶性淀粉为碳源代替葡萄糖为碳源的 MRS培养基上检测了菌株 L actobacillus amylophilus JCM112 5活菌数的增殖状况以及葡萄糖和有机酸的代谢特征同时测定了 p H值的变化。结果表明以淀粉为碳源时菌株先分解淀粉成葡萄糖并累积到一定数量后再加以利用 ;活菌数呈现双曲线增长现象 ;丙酮酸、乳酸、乙酸和柠檬酸及另一未知有机酸的数量发生了较大的变化。     

海洋源高产葡萄糖氧化酶细菌的筛选和主要酶学性质

从海洋环境中筛选高产葡萄糖氧化酶的海洋细菌, 为生产葡萄糖氧化酶提供新的菌种资源。采集海泥、海水及珊瑚样品,采用亚甲基蓝平板显色培养的方法初步分离产酶细菌,再对分离菌株进行显色培养,挑选产酶优势菌株,用液态摇瓶发酵的方法测定优势菌株的产酶能力,然后检测温度及酸碱度对酶活性的影响,并对优势菌株进行形态鉴定、生化鉴定以及16S rDNA基因序列鉴定。从海泥样品中初筛得到几株产葡萄糖氧化酶的细菌,其中菌株MS-4产酶活力最高,该菌在常规LB液体培养条件下葡萄糖氧化酶活力达到8.8 U·mL^-1;所产酶最适作用温度为14 ℃,最适pH为7.0,在25 ℃以下活性稳定;经过综合鉴定MS-4是蜡状芽孢杆菌,其中生化鉴定和基因序列鉴定的结果显示,该菌与蜡状芽孢杆菌的相似度分别为98.8%和100%。实验结果说明,MS-4具有相对较高的产葡萄糖氧化酶能力,可作为低温食品保鲜用葡萄糖氧化酶的生产用菌进行开发和研究。     

甜玉米葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量近红外反射光谱模型构建

甜玉米是世界上重要的果蔬两用型作物之一。建立快速、无损检测甜玉米糖分含量的方法,对于甜玉米品质育种工作中的材料鉴定、筛选具有重要意义。选取了104份糖分含量变幅较大的甜玉米材料进行了近红外光谱分析,结合酶法测量的化学值,利用偏最小二乘法以及不同光谱处理和数学处理相结合,对全光谱波段进行了化学计量学的分析统计,构建了葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量的近红外光谱定标模型。用外部验证样品集进行验证,对所建模型的实际预测能力进行检验。结果表明：最优光谱处理方式葡萄糖为加权多元散射校正,果糖和蔗糖的为标准正常化加去散射处理;最优的导数处理葡萄糖为2阶导数,果糖和蔗糖的为1阶和3阶导数。葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖定标模型的交叉验证相关系数分别为0.646、0.645、0.820,交叉验证标准偏差分别为0.321、0.275、1.508;外部验证集葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖的预测相关系数分别为0.593、0.780、0.891,表明所建立的果糖和蔗糖预测模型具有较好的预测性,可应用于甜玉米种质资源筛选,而葡萄糖模型的预测性较差,需继续完善。     

同日龄不同体重羔羊十二指肠形态功能的比较研究

为了解小肠消化吸收功能对羔羊生长发育的影响,本试验选择60只相同饲养条件、相同断奶日龄(3月龄断奶)的5月龄健康阿勒泰×特克赛尔杂交F1代羔羊为研究对象,从中选择体重大小具有显著性差异的8只羔羊分为大体重组(HBW组)4只,平均体重(37.20±2.80)kg;小体重组(LBW组)4只,平均体重(28.24±3.75)kg。测定两组羔羊十二指肠绒毛组织形态学指标、消化酶活性及其黏膜中钠依赖性葡萄糖转载蛋白1(SGLT1)和葡萄糖转载蛋白2(GLUT2)表达量的差异。结果显示,HBW组羔羊十二指肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度均显著低于LBW组(P< 0.05),而黏膜厚度、绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值差异均不显著(P> 0.05);HBW组羔羊淀粉酶活性显著高于LBW组羔羊(P< 0.05),麦芽糖酶、乳糖酶、蔗糖酶活性均极显著高于LBW组羔羊(P< 0.01),脂肪酶及蛋白酶活性在两组羔羊间均无显著差异(P> 0.05);HBW组羔羊SGLT1表达量显著高于LBW组(P< 0.05),GLUT2表达量极显著高于LBW组(P< 0.01)。综上所述,反刍动物体重增加与十二指肠消化吸收功能密切相关,这些消化酶及葡萄糖运载蛋白的分子生物学上调机制尚需进一步研究。     

Analysis of Nitrite Accumulation During Denitrification

To realize the purpose of enhanced nitrogen removal (TN<5 mg·L-1) in step feed process treating urban wastewater, by using SBR reactor, the nitrite accumulation, variation of pH and ORP as well as dynamic properties during denitrification with methanol and glucose as the sole carbon sources are investigated in details. The results show that for both carbon sources, serious nitrite accumulations are observed during denitrification under different ratios of nitrogen and carbon (C/N). With identical C/N, when glucose is used as carbon source there is more maximum NO2--N accumulation concentration. However, NO3--N reduction rate is faster than NO2--N reduction rate for both carbon sources. Furthermore, with the increase of C/N, the maximum NO2--N concentration increases and the time in which the NO2--N achieves the highest concentration is accordingly shortened. For glucose, however, under high C/N ratio (C/N=29.3) both the denitrification rate and NO2--N accumulation concentration decrease. Besides, the changes of pH and ORP reflect the variation of NO2--N accumulation concentration well because pH and ORP have the significant relationship with NO2--N concentration. The second inflexion on curves indicates the real end of denitrification process.     

EFFECTS OF ANESTHETIC PROTOCOL ON NORMAL CANINE BRAIN UPTAKE OF 18F‐FDG ASSESSED BY PET/CT

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of four anesthetic protocols on normal canine brain uptake of 2‐deoxy‐2‐[¹⁸F]fluoro‐d ‐glucose (FDG) using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Five clinically normal beagle dogs were anesthetized with (1) propofol/isoflurane, (2) medetomidine/pentobarbital, (3) xylazine/ketamine, and (4) medetomidine/tiletamine–zolazepam in a randomized cross‐over design. The standard uptake value (SUV) of FDG was obtained in the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes, cerebellum, brainstem and whole brain, and compared within and between anesthetic protocols using the Friedman test with significance set at P<0.05. Significant differences in SUVs were observed in various part of the brain associated with each anesthetic protocol. The SUV for the frontal and occipital lobes was significantly higher than in the brainstem in all dogs. Dogs receiving medetomidine/tiletamine–zolazepam also had significantly higher whole brain SUVs than the propofol/isoflurane group. We concluded that each anesthetic protocol exerted a different regional brain glucose uptake pattern. As a result, when comparing brain glucose uptake using PET/CT, one should consider the effects of anesthetic protocols on different regions of the glucose uptake in the dog's brain.     

Effects of glucose and amino acids on ghrelin secretion in sheep

Two experiments were conducted to elucidate the effects of post‐ruminal administration of starch and casein (Exp. 1), plasma amino acids concentrations (Exp. 2), and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations (Exp. 2) on plasma ghrelin concentrations in sheep. In Exp. 1, plasma ghrelin concentrations were determined by four infusion treatments (water, cornstarch, casein and cornstarch plus casein) in four wethers. Abomasal infusion of casein increased plasma α‐amino N (AAN) concentrations. Infusion of starch or casein alone did not affect plasma ghrelin concentrations, but starch plus casein infusion increased plasma levels of ghrelin, glucose and AAN. In Exp 2, we investigated the effects of saline or amino acids on ghrelin secretion in four wethers. Two hours after the initiation of saline or amino acid infusion into the jugular vein, glucose was also continuously infused to investigate the effects of blood glucose and insulin by hyper‐glycemic clump on plasma ghrelin concentrations. Infusion of amino acids alone raised plasma levels of ghrelin, but the higher plasma glucose and insulin concentrations had no effect on plasma ghrelin concentrations. These results suggest that high plasma levels of amino acids can stimulate ghrelin secretion, but glucose and insulin do not affect ghrelin secretion in sheep.     

灌注葡萄糖对奶山羊乳腺营养摄取的影响

本试验研究了阴外动脉灌注葡萄糖对乳腺营养物质吸收和乳成分的影响。选用体重和产奶量相近的4只泌乳中期关中奶山羊,做阴外动脉和腹部皮下静脉手术安装血插管,采用4×4拉丁方设计,每天分别灌注葡萄糖0、12、24g和36g。结果表明:乳脂率随葡萄糖灌注量的增加而显著降低(P0.01)。灌注36g/d处理组乳脂产量显著低于其他处理组(P0.01);葡萄糖灌注提高了奶山羊的产奶量,24g/d处理组的产奶量显著高于对照组(P0.01);36g/d处理组乳腺对葡萄糖的摄取量和乳糖的产量都显著高于对照组(P0.01)。甘油三酯和非脂固形物的含量各组间差异不显著(P0.05),但葡萄糖灌注提高了乳蛋白产量,其中24g/d处理组乳蛋白产量最高,并显著高于对照组(P0.05)。葡萄糖的灌注显著降低了奶山羊干物质的采食量(P0.01)。葡萄糖的灌注对乳腺氨基酸的摄取影响不显著。葡萄糖的灌注使氨基酸合成乳蛋白的产出率提高1%～9%,葡萄糖合成乳糖的产出率提高0%～5%,有效改善了乳成分。