贫困村民自己运作的小额信贷扶贫

小额信贷扶贫到户不同于传统的小额信贷方式,该种贷款方式完全由村民自己运作,贷款对象面向贫困农户,运作成本低,还贷率达100%.文中简要介绍了小额信贷扶贫的运作模式及其主要特点.     

Classifying tree planters and non planters in a subsistence farming system using a discriminant analytical approach

Since the 1970s tree planting has been promoted to meet the multipurpose needs of subsistence farmers and to arrest deforestation in many developing countries. Financial support and extension systems were developed as tree growing outside the forest became more important. The limited success of the forest extension approaches used in the 1980s has been attributed to the failure to ascertain householders' priorities and attitudes to tree growing. Although the broader theoretical paradigm of factors influencing householders' planting of trees has been discussed household and regional level analyses are rare. This study used discriminant analysis to assess the extent to which social and economic factors affect smallholder farmer tree planting in Orissa, eastern India. The validity of the predictive model to define the different groups was tested by assessing the accuracy of classification. The significance of the factors was probed using the identified variables in the discriminant functions developed for smallholder farmers in the coastal and inland zones of Orissa. The results contradicted some common assumptions that only large landowners with a substantial income are innovators. The likelihood of adopting agroforestry is dependent on the progressive attitude of farmers, membership of village organisations, their wealth status and, more importantly, their perceived risk concerning agricultural production. This approach enables tree planters and non-planters to be characterised and hence give better targetting of planning and social forestry programmes.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

提高务工农民人力资本的对策分析

农村人力资源开发最有效、最直接的方法是加强农村教育。为此，针对中国当前农民工素质偏低、阻碍农村富余劳动力转移的情况．立足于黑龙江省现实．从完善农村综合教育体制改革的角度出发，对提高农民工人力资本进行了研究。     

Environmental services and poverty reduction: Options for smallholders in the Sahel

Environmental service provision is increasingly discussed as a potential new venue for the simultaneous pursuit of development and natural resource conservation objectives, particularly among landowners in the low-income tropics. To date, most of the experience with such market-regulated mechanisms comes from water and forest projects in Latin America. Preliminary evidence suggests that participation of, and benefits to, small-scale land users are highly unequal and that the synergistic goals of poverty reduction and resource conservation through these emerging market mechanisms might be overly ambitious. This paper assesses the possibility of pro-poor environmental service provision through carbon sequestration among smallholders in the Sahel. It focuses on a case study in the small-scale, rain-fed agricultural systems of the Old Peanut Basin of Senegal. Based on a conceptual framework including economic, institutional, policy and livelihood factors, it assesses to the extent to which specific groups of farmers are able or willing to participate in and benefit from potential carbon offset programs. Finally, the paper stresses the need for adequate and equitable financial support and a careful rethinking of the institutional structures necessary to enhance rural livelihoods and natural resource management in drylands, with or without market-based environmental service programs.     

农业机械化在破解"三农"问题中发挥重要作用

农业机械是农业和农村先进的、重要的生产力,农业机械的运用对破解“三农”问题直接或间接地产生作用。本文结合当地“三农”问题实际,在调查研究的基础上,找出农业机械化在破解“三农”问题上存在的突出问题,按照《中华人民共和国农业机械化促进法》等有关规定提出相应的解决措施,以谋求农业机械化得以快速健康发展,从而更好地为“三农”服务。     

退耕还林政策对农户生计的影响研究——基于对北京市延庆县的实地走访

以北京市延庆县为个案对退耕还林的推行给农户生计带来的影响进行了分析,分析表明很多人一致认为的观点是浮于表面的,延庆县农户的生计模式并没有得到成功地转换.在退耕还林政策下,农户的生活并不如想象中那般得到很大改善,而且农民在心理上对退耕还林有一定的抵触情绪.     

征地过程中的新不和谐现象及对策分析——基于对菏泽市XX行政村的实地调研

其于对山东省菏泽市XX行政村的实地调查研究,指出当前在征地过程中出现的新不和谐现象。按照征地方面的相关法律规定和学者关于这方面的研究,提出破解这些不和谐现象的可行性的对策建议。特别提出,要解决当前征地过程中出现的矛盾,政策制定者和基层工作人员要深刻领会包容性增长的内涵,并将其应用到工作当中,目的是让被征地农民共享经济发展的成果。     

Study on the Current Status of Farmers＇ Information Needs and Its Countermeasures--Based on Rural Information Needs Survey from Hainan Province

通过对海南省四个市9个村600户村民信息需求类型、获取信息的方式等调查数据进行统计分析,发现海南省农民信息需求呈现出多样化、重点突出、范围广等特点,但由于受到各种因素的影响,农民的信息获取满意度并不高。海南省一半以上农民认为限制其获取信息的因素是＂害怕假信息＂。为此,作者提出了通过培养农民的信息获取和识别能力、提供丰富的信息获取渠道、加大政府的扶持宣传力度、加强农业技能培训等方式,以更好地满足农民信息需求。     

Characterizing Farmer Users and Nonusers of Mass Media as Channels of Agricultural Information in Benue State,Nigeria

This study characterized farmer users and nonusers of mass media as channels of agricultural information. A structured interview was used to obtain data from 316 randomly selected farmers in Benue State, Nigeria. The data were subjected to discriminant analysis and the following socioeconomic characteristics significantly differed at a 5% level of probability between users and nonusers of mass media (and their F-ratio values): education (6.30), income (5.12), gender (4.84), and socioeconomic status (4.83). Farmer users of mass media are therefore those who have good level of education, belong to a relatively high income bracket, and are typically male and of a relatively high socioeconomic status. Farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics should be considered in planning mass media usage in agricultural information dissemination.     

Weed control in conservation agriculture systems of Zimbabwe: Identifying economical best strategies

Weed management under conservation agriculture (CA), especially when manually controlled is one of the major setbacks for the widespread adoption of CA in southern Africa. This study was conducted at three on-station and three on-farm sites: CIMMYT-Harare, Domboshawa Training Centre and Henderson Research Station (on-station sites), Hereford farm, Madziva communal area and Shamva communal area (on-farm sites). The evaluation focused on the effect of initial herbicide application and succeeding manual weeding whenever weeds were 10 cm tall or 10 cm in length for grasses with stoloniferous–rhizomatous growth habit. Weeds counts, weeding time and grain yields were collected at all on-station sites. At the on-farm sites, weed counts were done before weeding and a number of farmers were timed during weeding. The results showed that herbicides use reduced the weed density and time taken on weeding at all sites. Combining herbicides e.g. atrazine, glyphosate and metalachlor had the lowest weed density and weeding time at all sites. However, the treatments had no effect on maize grain yields suggesting that appropriate and timely manual weeding reduced crop/weed competition. Herbicides treatments had higher input costs than manual weeding due to the additional cost of herbicide but the treatment with manual weeding only had more overall labour days compared to the mixture of three herbicides. In order to achieve economic benefits, smallholder farmers may use the time for value addition e.g. expand cropped land area, use time for value addition, or sell new products on the market. Herbicides use reduces the manual labour needed to control weeds and minimise total crop failure due to untimely weeding hence, herbicides are an important but not the only weed control option under CA systems in Zimbabwe.