草鱼巨噬细胞的集结及相关的组织变化

给草鱼腹腔注射细微炭粒（墨汁）后不同时间取样，比较观察了草鱼胸腺、肝、脾、头肾和肾组织中巨噬细胞集结（ｍ ａｃｒｏｐｈａｇｅ ａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｉｏｎ ， Ｍ Ａ）状况及相应组织的变化。结果表明，在头肾和脾组织中， Ｍ Ａ 的数量和体积均较肝和肾中的多而大，胸腺中所产生的 Ｍ Ａ 数量较肝和肾中的少，体积也小；注射墨汁后 １～３ 周内，在胸腺、头肾、肝和脾组织中， Ｍ Ａ 的数量和体积均有不同程度的增加，但在注射墨汁后第 ４ 周的肾组织中， Ｍ Ａ 的体积缩小而且密度降低，同时肾组织结构有逐渐恢复的趋势，可能是由于 Ｍ Ａ 分解后通过肾小球和肾小管排泄到膀胱或体外的缘故。对草鱼 Ｍ Ａ 的组织分布、排除等分析认为， Ｍ Ａ 可作为草鱼非特异细胞防御作用的解剖学和细胞学的一种生物标记。     

FGF-21对大鼠血小板聚集和活化的抑制作用

临床上大部分抗血小板药物存在继发性出血等副作用,亟需寻找一种安全有效的抗血小板药物。二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和花生四烯酸(AA)是介导血小板聚集的主要物质,文章探讨成纤维细胞生长因子-21(FGF-21)是否抑制ADP或AA诱导大鼠血小板聚集和活化。将大鼠分为正常对照组、正常鼠血小板活化组、阿司匹林干预后血小板活化组、FGF-21高、中、低剂量干预后血小板活化组。给药干预后提取各组血小板,分别用ADP或AA处理,观察处理后血小板聚集情况以及P选择素和血栓素(TXB2)表达水平。与正常对照组相比,正常鼠血小板经ADP或AA处理活化后,血小板聚集率显著升高,血浆中P选择素和TXB2含量明显上升;与正常鼠血小板经ADP或AA处理活化后相比,经阿司匹林和FGF-21干预后分别经ADP或AA处理活化后的血小板聚集率显著下降,血浆中P选择素和TXB2含量显著下降;FGF-21干预组经ADP或AA活化后,血小板聚集率、P选择素和TXB2含量下降水平呈明显剂量依赖性。目前国内外尚未发现FGF-21对血小板聚集与活化作用的相关报道,研究首次证明FGF-21具有抑制ADP和AA诱导血小板聚集和活化作用及明显的抗血凝作用,填补FGF-21在抗血凝研究领域空白,为开发安全有效的抗血凝药物提供理论依据。     

开垦对土壤团聚体含量及微生物群落代谢多样性的影响

以新疆玛纳斯河流域盐渍化弃耕地为研究对象,基于Biolog生态平板法,分析开垦前后土壤团聚体组成分布及团聚体微生物代谢多样性的变化,从而评价人为开垦对弃耕地土壤质量的影响。结果表明:弃耕地开垦增加了各土层0.25 mm团聚体的含量,增加范围在3%～18%。弃耕地开垦前后土壤均以0.25～0.053 mm团聚体比例最高,与其它各粒径团聚体差异显著(P0.05)。开垦后土壤团聚体微生物平均颜色变化率显著高于弃耕地。弃耕地0.053 mm团聚体微生物群落AWCD显著高于0.25 mm各粒径团聚体,开垦后各粒径团聚体微生物群落AWCD关系为:2～1 mm0.25～0.053 mm1～0.25 mm(0.053 mm)(5 mm)5～2 mm。开垦增加了0.25 mm团聚体微生物物种丰富度指数,而0.25 mm团聚体却相反;开垦后土壤各粒径团聚体微生物均匀度指数均显著高于弃耕地,而土壤微生物优势度指数均低于弃耕地,其中在5～2、2～1、1～0.25 mm和0.25～0.053 mm四个粒径中更为显著。开垦前后土壤团聚体微生物对6大碳源利用强度存在着差异,弃耕地土壤团聚体微生物对多聚物的利用率最高,开垦后其优势碳源转变为碳水化合物。主成分分析表明,开垦前后土壤团聚体微生物群落碳源利用在PC1上出现差异。碳水化合物类、羧酸类和氨基酸类碳源是影响土壤团聚体微生物代谢多样性的主要碳源。总体来说,开垦对土壤团聚体微生物群落代谢多样性具有重要影响。     

不同树龄桃园桃红颈天牛幼虫空间分布型研究

对湖南省靖州县1~20年生桃园桃红颈天牛幼虫平均密度和桃树受害率进行系统调查,应用5种聚集度指标法和2种回归模型法,比较了不同树龄桃红颈天牛幼虫空间分布型的差异。结果表明:1~2年生幼龄桃树基本不受桃红颈天牛危害,3年以上挂果后的桃树开始受到侵害;随着树龄的增加,桃树受害率和桃红颈天牛虫口平均密度显著增加,19~20年生桃树受害率达90%以上,平均虫口密度超过2头/株;桃红颈天牛在桃园中呈聚集分布,具有密度依赖性,即随种群密度升高,聚集程度增大,3~15年生桃园桃红颈天牛均呈聚集分布,基本成分是个体群,个体间相互吸引;16~17年生桃园桃红颈天牛空间分布型趋向于随机分布或均匀分布;19~20年生桃园桃园桃红颈天牛均呈聚集分布,此时分布的基本成分均为个体,个体呈现相互排斥现象。应用桃红颈天牛幼虫种群的空间分布信息,建立了不同树龄桃园桃红颈天牛幼虫种群的抽样公式。根据理论抽样公式,桃红颈天牛虫口密度越小,抽样数量较多,而在虫口密度较高的情况下抽样数量则较少。根据序贯抽样公式,可将3~20年生桃园抽样样本数量划分成6个区段:3~4年生桃园;5~6年生桃园;7~8年生桃园;9~13年生和19~20年生桃园;14~15年生桃园;16~18年生桃园。     

柚皮素单硫酸酯钠盐对血栓形成和血小板聚集的影响

目的 观察柚皮素单硫酸酯钠盐(SNMS)对血栓形成和血小板聚集的影响.方法 将30只SD大鼠随机分为5组:SNMS1组、SNMS2组、血栓通组、肝素组和对照组,每组6只,麻醉大鼠,静脉注射药物后,用血栓生成仪观察大鼠颈动脉血栓形成情况;取兔血与药物孵育5min,凝血酶(500 U/L)作用1 min后,用全血血小板聚集...     

民勤绿洲生态环境脆弱性模糊物元分析评价

针对民勤绿洲水资源、环境和土地利用现状,利用定量分析方法对民勤绿洲生态环境脆弱性进行总体评价.在分析影响民勤绿洲生态环境因素的基础上,将模糊理论、层次分析法和物元可拓集合有机结合起来,建立了民勤绿洲生态环境脆弱性评价的模糊物元模型.该模型充分考虑水资源、环境、土地资源和人工干预等指标.计算结果表明:民勤绿洲生态环境脆弱性状况总体评价为Ⅲ级,即非常脆弱.该方法简捷、易于计算编程,为西北旱区生态环境脆弱性评价提供了一种新的思路.     

基于大系统分解-动态规划聚合法的多块滩涂围垦进度决策优化

为了解决多块滩涂围垦进度决策问题,采用大系统分解-动态规划聚合法对多块滩涂的土地利用进行优化和最优开发。将多块滩涂框围进度最优决策模型分解为若干个单块滩涂土地利用规划线性子模型,采用动态规划逐次逼近法对子系统进行优化,确定各块滩涂在不同投资现值下的多阶段一系列优化结果与收益及费用指标体系,再针对各块滩涂围垦决策子模型采用动态规划法进行动态规划聚合,对多块滩涂进行围垦进度决策。求解方法能够给出多块滩涂框围进度和相应土地利用最优布局和开发进度决策。     

Manure and Fertilizer Application Effects on Aggregate and Mineral-Associated Organic Carbon in a Loamy Soil under Rice-Wheat System

The study was conducted to investigate the aggregate stability and distribution of organic carbon (C) in different-sized aggregates and mineral fractions in a loamy soil under rice-wheat system with continuous application of fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK), farmyard manure (FYM), N+FYM and NPK+FYM, compared with unfertilized control. Macro-aggregates comprised 37.1–49.3% of the total water-stable aggregates (WSAs), compared with 23.3–30.3% as micro-aggregates. Application of inorganic fertilizers and FYM significantly increased the proportion of macro-aggregates, which were linearly related to total organic C (TOC). Organic C concentration in coarse macro-aggregates (CMacA) was higher than the micro-aggregates (CMicA). Application of FYM significantly increased the concentration of organic C in different-sized aggregates and mineral fraction, compared with the unfertilized control. Averaged across treatments, mineral-associated C comprised 26% of TOC. Macro-aggregates, on an average, constituted 66–68% of C preservation capacity of WSA. The amount of TOC sequestered was higher when NPK+FYM was applied together.     

Marine-Derived Compounds with Anti-Alzheimer’s Disease Activities

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible and progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and, eventually, the ability to perform simple tasks. As the aging population continues to increase exponentially, AD has become a big concern for society. Therefore, neuroprotective compounds are in the spotlight, as a means to tackle this problem. On the other hand, since it is believed—in many cultures—that marine organisms in an individual diet cannot only improve brain functioning, but also slow down its dysfunction, many researchers have focused on identifying neuroprotective compounds from marine resources. The fact that the marine environment is a rich source of structurally unique and biologically and pharmacologically active compounds, with unprecedented mechanisms of action, marine macroorganisms, such as tunicates, corals, sponges, algae, as well as microorganisms, such as marine-derived bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi, have been the target sources of these compounds. Therefore, this literature review summarizes and categorizes various classes of marine-derived compounds that are able to inhibit key enzymes involved in AD, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), β-secretase (BACE-1), and different kinases, together with the related pathways involved in the pathogenesis of AD. The compounds discussed herein are emerging as promising anti-AD activities for further in-depth in vitro and in vivo investigations, to gain more insight of their mechanisms of action and for the development of potential anti-AD drug leads.