黄土半干旱区集水造林条件下林木生长适宜的土壤水分环境

2000年在山西方山，采用LI－6200光合测定系统和LI－1600稳态气孔仪，对不同集水措施试验地的刺槐、侧柏和苹果的生理指标进行了实地观测，并辅以相同树种实地盆栽苗木水分胁迫条件下的林木生理指标观测，研究了林木净光合速率、羧化效率、水分利用效率与土壤含水量的定量关系。结果表明：维持刺槐、侧柏和苹果净光合作用的最佳土壤含水量分别为17.13%、15.9%和16.11%，三树种维持叶片水分利用效率的最佳土壤含水量依次为13.23%、10.66%和12.38%；羧化效率最高时的土壤含水量临界值依次为15.7%、15.5%和15.8%；土壤水合补偿点分别为4.55%、3.91%和4.49%。上述三树种蒸腾速率所适宜的土壤含水量分别为18.82%、19.70%和16.33%。根据集水造林的基本构思，可选取维持最佳叶片水分利用效率的土壤含水量临界值作为集水造林林木密度调控的土壤水分阈值和林木需水量的低限计算条件。这一指标可量化为刺槐10％－13％，苹果10％－12.5%，侧柏9.5%-11%。     

Effects of the interaction between drought and shade on water relations, gas exchange and morphological traits in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings

The combined effect of drought and light on different physiological and biochemical traits was assessed in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings grown under two levels of light availability and submitted to a long-standing drought. Watering was withdrawn after germination and seedlings were allowed to dry to a water content of ca. 50% of field capacity. At this point, water-stressed seedlings were grown under moderate drought and two light regimes: high light (HL—50%) and low light (LL—2%). Soil water in control plants was kept close to field capacity (90–100%) for both light environments. Water-relations parameters derived from P–V curves, gas exchange and water status at predawn (Ψ_pd) were evaluated at twice during the experiment. Nitrogen and chlorophyll contents were determined in the same leaves used for the gas exchange measurements. In addition, maximum rate of carboxylation (V_cmax) and electronic transport (J_max) were derived from A–C_i curves in well-watered seedlings.

The variation on moisture availability during the experiment was the same under both light environments. In control plants, Ψ_pd was over −0.3 MPa at the two harvests, while stressed seedlings decreased to −0.9 MPa, with no differences between light treatments. Water stress decreased osmotic potentials at full (Ψπ₁₀₀) and zero turgor (Ψπ₀). The regressions between both potentials and Ψ_pd showed a higher intercept in shade grown seedlings. This fact will point out the higher osmoregulation capacity in sun seedlings whatever water availability.

Nitrogen investment on a per leaf mass (N_mass), chlorophyll content (Chl_mass) and SLA tended to show a typical pattern of sun-shade acclimation. Thus, the three parameters increased with shade. Only for N_mass there was a significant effect of watering, since water stress increased N_mass.

LL plants showed a lower photosynthetic capacity in terms of maximum net photosynthesis at saturating light (A_max), which was related to a decrease in V_cmax and J_max. Both parameters varied with specific leaf area (SLA) in a similar way. The low-light environment brought about a higher nitrogen investment in chlorophyll, while under high-light environment the investment was higher in carboxylation (V_cmax) and electronic transport (F_max).

Stomatal conductance to water vapour (g_wv) and A_max were lower in low-light seedlings independently of watering. In addition, there was a trend to keep higher intrinsic water use efficiency (IWUE) under high light environment. The increase of IWUE under water stress was higher in HL seedlings. This was as consequence of the steeper decline in g_wv as Ψ_pd decreased. The decrease of A_max with Ψ_pd occurred in a similar way in LL and HL seedlings. Thus, the HL seedlings tended to sustain a higher ability to increase IWUE than LL seedlings when they were submitted to the same water stress.     

千叶兰耐荫性的研究

千叶兰(Muehlewbeckiacomplera)是2002年从国外引入的一种室内垂吊观叶花卉。本文对千叶兰耐荫性做了实验研究。在不同的光照强度(0.14-946.00靘olm-2s-1)条件下设置五个试验区域。在试验区培养40天后,用LI-COR6400测定其功能叶的光合特性,绘制光-光合作用曲线,计算光补偿点、光饱和点及最大净光合速率,测定其叶面积与叶片数的生长量。实验结果表明:千叶兰生长在光照强度为9.26-569.00靘olm-2s-1(463-28150lx,16-22℃,RH46%-60%)时较适宜,光合效率最高,生长最佳。千叶兰的光照习性属于较喜光,但忌光照强度为569.00靘olm-2s-1以上的强光直射。虽然千叶兰具有耐半荫性,但在光照强度为0.16-19.22靘olm-2s-1(8-961lx)的条件下(晴天每天光照强度达10靘olm-2s-1,光照时间为6小时以上),才能够生长新叶。表4参8。     

麻竹山地笋用林笋期叶片光合及呼吸性状研究

Through analyzing the various position leaves character of 3 ages bamboo, including net photosyntheticrate, light respiratory rate, dark respiratory rate, CO2 compensation point and light compensation point, in five-years - old forest during different growing shoot stages in stated - own forestry farm of Nanjin, results showed thatleaves had vigorous physiological function during prosperity stage of growing shoot. Net photosynthetic rate was high-er, light respiratory rate, dark respiratory rate, CO2 compensation point and light compensation point were lower,the photosynthetic coefficients was larger.2- year bamboo and 3 - year bamboo had stronger photosynthetic ability. Different photosynthetic and respiratory indexes of various position leaves were not consistent, but in generally, mid-dle leaf had stronger assimilation ability.     

修剪技术对桂花幼苗生长水分及光合作用日变化的影响

以3年生丹桂苗为试材，研究了不同修剪技术措施对桂花幼苗生长、水分、光舍色素及光合作用日变化的影响。结果表明：拉枝、环割、环刺和综合处理（拉枝＋环刺＋环割）均能明显抑制树高和平均生长量，拉枝和综合处理能明显增加冠幅，各处理组织水和自由水含量均比对照低而束缚水比对照高。综合处理和拉枝的叶片叶绿素a＋b和叶绿素a含量比其他处理高，而环割、环刺和对照间差异不显著。各处理不影响净光和速率（pn）的日变化趋势，但对Ph值得大小有影响。     

杉木人工林针叶光合与蒸腾作用的时空特征

对3个林分(密度A1 667株·hm-2;B3 233株·hm-2;C9 767株·hm-2)的测定和分析表明,树冠不同部位的同龄叶的光补偿点、光饱和点及其最大光合速率不同;树冠同一层内,成熟针叶光合速率依当年生叶、1 a生叶、2 a生叶递减.强光下,中层叶的蒸腾速率明显小于上层叶.弱光下,中层和下层叶具有较高的蒸腾速率,几乎等于甚至超过上层叶.一般而言,杉木针叶光合作用的光饱和点为1 000～1 900 μmol·m-2s-1,光补偿点很低,大致在4.780 ～30.114 μmol·m-2s-1范围.同一枝条不同部位不同年龄针叶光合和蒸腾的能力差异明显.枝条后部针叶净光合速率和蒸腾速率明显小于处于枝中、前部的同龄叶,却明显具有较高的量子利用效率或对弱光(以散射光为主)的利用效率,分别为当年生叶0.006 60 μmolCO2·μmol-1PAR;1 a生叶0.017 94 μmolCO2·μmol-1PAR;2 a生叶0.012 97 μmol CO2·μmol-1PAR. 针叶最大光合速率可达13.335 μmolCO2·m-2s-1 .同一枝条不同部位的杉木针叶的蒸腾效率变化于0.003 5 ～0.007 gCO2·g-1H2O,越靠近枝条后部,蒸腾效率越低.一般而言,阳生叶的光合能力是阴生叶的2～4倍.生长季中当年生针叶光合和蒸腾速率的日变化均有2个峰值,中部和下部当年生叶的变化幅度小于上部针叶.辐射强度、空气湿度或者叶片周围空气的水汽压,是决定叶片气孔导度、光合与蒸腾速率的主要环境因子.呼吸作用白天明显高于夜间,多呈中午单峰型;日变化规律主要受温度、叶片周围空气的水汽压大小控制.蒸腾和呼吸呈紧密线性负相关.3个林分中,无论是2 a生叶,1 a生叶或当年生叶,光合强度均是密度小的最大,密度大的最小.密度越大,叶平均N素含量越低,光饱和点越低,而光补偿点越高,偏向于利用较弱的光,生长也较弱.     

中亚热带2种原始兰科植物对变化光环境的响应与适应

金佛山兰为国家二级保护植物 ,个体数极少 ,仅见于南川金佛山及附近的稀疏马尾松林下 ,并只与其亲缘种金兰生长在一起。在温室内 ,模拟研究了金佛山兰和金兰对不同强度变化光环境的响应与适应。结果表明 :①在强光下利用便携式光合仪长时间观测植物的光合速率时 ,由于温度的影响 ,应使用温控系统才能获得更准确结果。②对于PAR 80 0到 2 0 0 μmolphotons·m- 2 s- 1 之间任何强度的光照变化 ,金佛山兰和金兰的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2 浓度、气孔导度和水分利用率均保持相对稳定 ,表现出对大幅度变化光环境较好的适应性 ;对于逐渐遮荫至 10 0 μmolphotons·m- 2 s- 1 左右 ,金佛山兰和金兰均以降低水分利用率、提高光能利用率来适应变化的光环境。③不同强度的间断遮荫对二者光合速率等的影响程度不同。 2种原始兰花的净光合速率随间断遮荫均先迅速降至最低 ,然后逐渐回升 ,在恢复光照后 ,金兰比金佛山兰能更快地恢复光合作用 ;蒸腾速率随间断遮荫迅速降低 ,恢复光照后 ,大多能迅速恢复至遮荫前水平。恢复光照后 ,二者的气孔导度出现不同程度的降低。间断遮荫能导致二者胞间CO2 浓度升高约 2 0 %以上 ,恢复光照后 ,大多能迅速恢复到原有水平。所有这些 ,都反映了金佛山兰和金兰对所在地区变化光     

小麦水分利用效率研究进展

介绍了小麦叶片冠层的水分利用效率估算模型,并阐述了小麦光合与水分利用效率关系的研究进展,为当前节水农业提供了大量信息。     

南方红豆杉扦插繁殖技术研究--扦插苗与实生苗光合生理特性比较

对南方红豆杉扦插苗和实生苗光合生理特性比较研究结果表明,南方红豆杉扦插苗叶重、叶绿素a和b、叶绿素总量、CO2补偿点及净光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性均小于相应树龄实生苗。     

三倍体桑树不同叶位表观光合速率测试

三倍体桑品种的叶片表观光合速率随着叶位的不同而变化幅度较大。试验以三倍体桑品种嘉陵16号为材料测得从第3叶位到第7叶位,叶片的表观光合速率呈急剧上升趋势,在第7叶位出现峰值(38.78mg.dm-2.h-1CO2),从第7叶位到第11叶位,叶片的表观光合速率呈平稳、略有下降趋势。不同叶位表观光合速率值的变化体现出同一张叶片光合效能变化的规律特征。