山羊小肠内AchE和NOS阳性神经元数量分布的比较

应用乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)和NADPH-黄递酶组织化学方法,研究了15日龄、4月龄和12月龄山羊小肠中胆碱能神经元和NO能神经元的数量分布变化。结果显示:1)肌间神经丛和黏膜下神经丛含有丰富的AchE阳性神经元,神经元聚集成神经节,并由节间支连成网状。2)NOS(一氧化氮合成酶)阳性神经元主要分布于肌间神经丛,神经元构成的神经节也连成网状;黏膜下神经丛内NOS阳性神经元稀疏,散在分布。3)小肠肌间神经丛中,12月龄的AchE和NOS阳性神经元总数比15日龄的增加163%和137%,但阳性神经元密度降低39%(AchE)和40%(NOS)。4)比较各肠段,AchE和NOS阳性神经元密度在回肠中最高,但神经元总数以空肠最多。结果表明山羊小肠中分布有丰富的胆碱能和NO能神经元,但黏膜下神经丛中胆碱能神经元多于NO能神经元;随着山羊小肠的发育,胆碱能和NO能神经元的数量逐渐增多而密度却下降。     

辣椒烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸基因(NADPH)在辣椒中的遗传转化及其抗病性鉴定

为了分析辣椒NADPH基因与辣椒疫病抗性之间的关系,明确其在辣椒抗疫病方面的作用,以辣椒NADPH基因为目的基因,利用载体pBI121构建了植物表达载体pBI121-NADPH,采用农杆菌介导法转化辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)感病品种B12,获得了5个卡那霉素抗性转化株系。对卡那霉素抗性转化植株进行PCR和RT-PCR分子检测发现,这5个转化株系含有目的基因CanNADPH。应用辣椒疫病抗性离体叶片鉴定技术,鉴定转基因植株对疫霉菌(Phytophthora capsici)的抗病性,结果表明,转基因辣椒的发病率较非转基因植株降低了22.2%,其病情指数降低了46.5%,表明辣椒NADPH基因在辣椒抗疫病方面有重要作用。     

Accumulation of H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> in xylem fluids of cucumber stems during ASM-induced systemic acquired resistance (SAR) involves increased LOX activity and transient accumulation of shikimic acid

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to Colletotrichum orbiculare was induced in young cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants within 3 h of ASM (acibenzolar-S-methyl) application onto the first leaves. A potent signal associated with significant accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in xylem fluids from severed stems appeared to be rapidly translocated from elicited lower leaves within 3 h and 6 h after treatment. Some metabolites of the shikimate, phenylpropanoid and lignin biosynthetic pathways were quantified and significant increases in the levels of shikimic acid were observed in ASM-treated plants challenge-inoculated with the anthracnose fungus. Furthermore, the expression of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene (EPSPS) was 1.5 times higher within 12 h after ASM treatment in challenge-inoculated plants than in the untreated control. The involvement of lipoxygenase activity, shikimic acid and others such as caffeic acid in the induction of SAR is discussed.     

小鼠髓过氧化物酶(MPO)基因克隆分析及真核表达载体的构建

髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)是一种血红素辅基蛋白酶,是血红素过氧化物酶超家族成员之一,参与多种疾病的发生和发展过程。本研究旨在克隆小鼠MPO基因CDS全长序列,检测该基因在小鼠神经细胞的表达谱。首先利用RT-PCR法与克隆载体克隆小鼠MPO基因CDS全长序列,对其进行生物信息学分析;然后构建真核表达载体pEGFP-C1-MPO,瞬时转染小鼠神经元细胞,通过qRT-PCR、Western blot和免疫荧光检测MPO在神经细胞的表达及分布规律。结果显示,小鼠MPO基因CDS全长2171 bp,编码718个氨基酸,与章鱼、美洲灰熊、马、人、非洲爪蟾、扬子鳄等物种的氨基酸序列同源性均高于79.25%。转染细胞后,试验组MPO的mRNA和蛋白表达水平极显著高于阴性对照组(P<0.01),表明小鼠MPO基因的真核表达载体pEGFP-C1-MPO构建及转染成功;免疫荧光结果显示MPO蛋白主要分布于神经元细胞质中。过表达MPO后,nNOS的mRNA水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而NADPH表达水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。总之,在体外过表达MPO可促进nNOS表达,抑制NADPH的表达,这为今后深入研究MPO的功能奠定理论基础。     

MgO-induced defence against bacterial wilt disease in Arabidopsis thaliana

Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is a devastating soilborne disease in plants that limits the production of many crops worldwide. Although management of bacterial wilt has so far been unsuccessful, enhancing host resistance to the pathogen may be an effective control strategy. Recently, magnesium oxide (MgO) was found to induce defence responses against R. solanacearum in tomato plants. Here, the mechanisms underlying MgO-induced defence responses against R. solanacearum (MgO-i DARS) were investigated using Arabidopsis thaliana as a host plant. MgO-i DARS was confirmed in A. thaliana mutants deficient in jasmonic acid or ethylene signalling pathways as well as in the wildtype (Col-0) plants. In contrast, no MgO-i DARS was found in A. thaliana mutants deficient in the salicylic acid (SA) production (sid2-2) and signalling pathways (tga1-1 and npr-1). MgO treatment led to significant accumulation of SA in both roots and shoots of Col-0. The SA biosynthesis gene isochorismate synthase 1 (ICS1) was induced in roots and shoots of A. thaliana treated with MgO. An NADPH oxidase gene respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (AtRbohD) was up-regulated in both roots and shoots of Col-0 treated with MgO. No MgO-i DARS was observed in A. thaliana mutants deficient in AtRbohD. These results suggest that SA and RBOHD-mediated ROS are pivotal for MgO-i DARS in A. thaliana.     

Metabolic enzyme activities in larvae of the African catfish,Clarias gariepinus: changes in relation to age and nutrition

The influence of ontogeny and nutrition on metabolic enzyme activities in larvae of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, was studied. After start of exogenous feeding, the larvae were reared for 10 days under three different nutritional conditions: Artemia nauplii, a dry starter diet, and starvation. The live feed gave the best growth (96 mg within 10 days) whereas the dry diet resulted in low growth (33 mg). This growth difference was reflected in larval RNA and DNA concentrations, but not in the levels of soluble protein. Enzymes representing the following aspects of metabolism have been analysed: NADPH generation (G6PDH, ME), glycolysis (PFK, PK), gluconeogenesis (FDPase), amino acid catabolism (GOT, GPT) and oxidative catabolism (CS). All enzymes were present from the start of exogenous feeding onwards, but their maximum specific activities displayed different developmental patterns. In catfish larvae fed on Artemia, G6PDH and ME activities steadily increased with age and weight of the larvae. CS levels remained, after an immediate enhancement upon onset of exogenous feeding, on a rather stable plateau. The amino acid-degrading enzymes GOT and GPT showed maximum levels at days 3–5 of feeding or at a body weight of 10–20 mg, but decreased thereafter. Activities of PFK, PK and FDPase showed low initial levels, and increased significantly with age and size. Based on the ontogenetic patterns of metabolic enzymes, in C. gariepinus larvae an early and a late developmental phase can be distinguished. During the early phase, the glycolytic and gluconeogenetic capacities are low, whereas they are enforced during the later phase. The oxidative capacity is high both during the early and the late phase. The metabolic changes in catfish development coincide with other major ontogenetic events, e.g., alterations of muscle organization, gill morphology, respiration and stomach structure and function. Rearing catfish larvae on a dry diet instead of Artemia partly altered the developmental pattern described: The ontogenetic elevation of CS, PFK and FDPase was delayed and the early peak in GOT and GPT activities was not realized. Particularly during the early developmental phase, the enzyme behaviour of the larvae fed on dry food was similar to that of starved larvae.Abbreviations CS citrate synthase - FDPase fructose-1,6-diphosphatase - GOT glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase - GPT glutamate pyruvate transaminase - G6PDH glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase - ME malic enzyme - PFK phosphofructokinase - PK pyruvate kinase     

Role of NOX1 in TNF-α-induced oxidative damage and inflammation in alveolar epithelial cells

AIM: To explore the role of NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced oxidative damage and inflammation in alveolar epithelial cells.METHODS: The mRNA and protein expression levels of NOX1 in alveolar epithelial cells after TNF-α treatment were determined by real-time PCR and Western blot. NOX1 siRNA and its negative control were transfected into the alveolar epithelial cells. After the induction of TNF-α, NOX1 levels in the cells were measured by real-time PCR and Western blot, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the cells was detected by thiobarbituric acid method. Xanthine oxidation assay was used to detect the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the cells. The contents of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6 and IL-1β in cell culture medium were examined by ELISA. The rate of apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blot was used to detect the level of apoptotic protein cleaved caspase-3.RESULTS: The expression of NOX1 at mRNA and protein levels in TNF-α-induced cells was increased after induction (P<0.05). After transfection of NOX1 siRNA, the expression of NOX1 at mRNA and protein levels in the cell was downregulated (P<0.05). Transfection of siRNA negative control had no effect on the expression level of NOX1 in the cells. The content of MDA in the cells after TNF-α treatment was increased, the activity of SOD was reduced, the releases of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-1β by the cells were increased, and the apoptotic rate and the level of apoptotic protein cleaved caspase-3 were increased as compared with the cells that were not treated with TNF-α (P<0.05). The content of MDA in the cells with NOX1 knockdown induced by TNF-α was reduced, the activity of SOD elevated, and the releases IL-4, IL-6 and IL-1β, the apoptotic rate and the level of apoptotic protein cleaved caspase-3 decreased, as compared with the cells only treated with TNF-α induction (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: TNF-α induces the expression of NOX1 in the alveolar epithelial cells. Knockdown of NOX1 expression reduces cellular oxidative damage, releases of inflammatory factors, and cell apoptosis.     

POR在植物幼苗发育过程的生理作用

原叶绿酸还原是被子植物叶绿素生物合成的1个主要调控步骤.被子植物在黑暗中质体发育形成黄化质体,照光后,黄化质体转变成叶绿体.在这个光反应过程,POR是Chl生物合成和叶绿体发育的1个关键酶.在这篇综述中,主要对结构特点、反应机制和生理功能等方面的研究现状做以讨论.