Recent findings on certain bioactive components in whole grain wheat and rye

Whole grain wheat and rye are important sources of many bioactive compounds and contribute significantly to the total intake of cereals in many countries. Alkylresorcinols, benzoxazinoids, lignans, phenolic acids, phytosterols and tocols are common bioactive compounds present in these cereals. In this review, we report recent findings (mainly from 2010 onwards) regarding their content, composition, effects of food processing and their uptake, elimination and bioactivities with implications for health.     

1株能够分解木质素的泛菌的分离与鉴定

木质素紧密结合在纤维素外层,由于其结构的复杂性和稳定性,是纤维素资源利用中的一大障碍.目前微生物降解木质素的研究主要集中在以白腐菌为代表的真菌上,细菌在木质素降解中的作用有待研究.试验从洋葱腐烂茎秆中取土样,经过碱木质素为唯一碳源的限制性筛选和继代培养,并以愈创木酚为唯一碳源的培养基进行显色反应,最终得到了一株具有木质素分解能力的细菌.通过16S rDNA和gyrB基因测序对该菌株进行鉴定,发现该细菌属于泛菌属.与泛菌属的植物病原菌不同,该细菌不具备致病性,可用于进一步的木质素的细菌分解以及纤维素的综合利用研究.     

白灵菇木质素降解酶系的检测及其染料脱色能力的研究

[目的]明确白灵菇(Pleurotus ferulae)分泌木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)、锰过氧化物酶(MnP)和漆酶(Laccase)的规律,以及白灵菇染料脱色的能力。[方法]利用紫外可见分光光度计,检测4种培养方式下白灵菇木质素降解酶活性,并在此基础上进行了白灵菇对5种染料的脱色研究。[结果]4种培养方式下,可以检测到MnP和Laccase的活性,但并未检测到LiP。添加Mn2+和2,6-二甲氧基苯酚(2,6-DMP)对MnP和Laccase的产生有抑制作用,而添加青杨木屑可以将MnP的活性提高1.28倍,将Laccase的活性提高3.75倍;白灵菇对中性红和活性黑2种染料的最大脱色率分别为87.12%和86.13%,对活性红和刚果红的最大脱色率分别为45.91%和32.28%,而对结晶紫几乎无脱色能力。[结论]白灵菇产Laccace活性要高于MnP;与脱色活性红、刚果红、结晶紫相比,白灵菇对中性红和活性黑2种染料的脱色更为彻底。     

酶活化处理条件及其对松木纤维胶合性能的影响初探

通过测定漆酶处理纤维压制纤维板的内结合强度 ,观察到漆酶对云南思茅松木纤维的活化作用及漆酶处理对木纤维自身胶合的贡献。不同pH值条件下漆酶处理木纤维的内结合强度显著高于水处理纤维压制的板材强度。失活后的酶液与水等效 ,说明对实现木材自身胶合起作用的主要是漆酶本身。初步探索了pH值、酶剂量、底物浓度、活化处理时间等因素对胶合效果的影响。采用试验得到的较好活化条件压制的板材内结合强度可达1 0MPa以上     

Impact of long-term N fertilization on the structural composition of spruce litter and mor humus

The aims of this study were to determine the degree of lignin degradation and to investigate changes in the chemical composition of the organic matter in the forest floor in an N fertilized Norway spruce forest soil. Needle litter and mor humus were collected from the field experiment at Skogaby in southern Sweden (56°33′N; 13°13′E). The spruce stand had been fertilized for 11 years with 100 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ as (NH₄)₂SO₄. The degree of lignin degradation was determined with alkaline CuO oxidation followed by HPLC analysis. The chemical composition of the organic matter was characterized by CPMAS ¹³C NMR. Tannin was specifically analyzed using dipolar dephasing CPMAS ¹³C NMR and the N distribution was studied by CPMAS ¹⁵N NMR.The C-to-N ratios in the fertilized Oi and Oe layers were significantly lower than in the unfertilized layers (24 compared to 34 and 23 compared to 27, respectively). Neither the sum of the CuO oxidation products (Vanillyls+Syringyls+Cinnamyls expressed as VSC) nor the acid-to-aldehyde ratio ((Ac/Al)_V) showed any significant treatment effects. The content of aromatic C (including phenolic C) was significantly lower in the unfertilized than in the fertilized Oi layer (18 versus 21%). In the unfertilized soil, VSC was positively correlated (r=+0.63, p<0.05) with the C-to-N ratio, whereas the phenolic C content was negatively correlated (r=−0.61, p<0.05). The tannin index showed a tendency of increasing from Oi to Oe layers in both treatments. Most of the organic N was found as amide-N, whereas no heterocyclic N was detected. We have not been able to show any major C structural changes due to N fertilization. We suggest that the significantly higher content of aromatic and phenolic C in the fertilized Oi layer is due to an initial stimulation of the microbial community.     

脲醛树脂的纳米级改性研究

介绍了蒙脱土、有机蒙脱土、木质素三种物质对脲醛树脂的改性过程并对改性后脲醛树脂的各项性能进行了测试。结果表明:蒙脱土通过插层处理变为有机蒙脱土后,能显著改善脲醛树脂的性能指标。木质素和未改性的蒙脱土对改善脲醛树脂胶黏剂游离甲醛释放量几乎无影响。     

Analysis of leaf and needle litter decomposition by differential scanning calorimetry and differential thermogravimetry

Summary Changes in the physicochemical properties of three kinds of litter (Prunus serotina leaves, Carpinus betulus leaves, and Pinus sylvestris needles) were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry and differential thermogravimetry after decomposition for 12 to 27 months under field conditions. As expected, holocellulose was always decomposed to a larger extent than the corresponding lignin components, leading to an enrichment of lignin in the residue. These lignins were more or less modified depending on the plant species. Moreover, the results suggest that energy-rich crystalline cellulose accumulates during decomposition at the expense of easier degradable amorphous cellulose and hemicelluloses. The quotient Q, from the corresponding calorimetry and thermogravimetry values, was introduced to estimate the specific energy content as a measure for the decomposition of litter components.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. W. Kühnelt     

Organic C and N stabilization in a forest soil: Evidence from sequential density fractionation

In mineral soil, organic matter (OM) accumulates mainly on and around surfaces of silt- and clay-size particles. When fractionated according to particle density, C and N concentration (per g fraction) and C/N of these soil organo-mineral particles decrease with increasing particle density across soils of widely divergent texture, mineralogy, location, and management. The variation in particle density is explained potentially by two factors: (1) a decrease in the mass ratio of organic to mineral phase of these particles, and (2) variations in density of the mineral phase. The first explanation implies that the thickness of the organic accumulations decreases with increasing particle density. The decrease in C/N can be explained at least partially by especially stable sorption of nitrogenous N-containing compounds (amine, amide, and pyrrole) directly to mineral surfaces, a phenomenon well documented both empirically and theoretically. These peptidic compounds, along with ligand-exchanged carboxylic compounds, could then form a stable inner organic layer onto which other organics could sorb more readily than onto the unconditioned mineral surfaces (“onion” layering model).To explore mechanisms underlying this trend in C concentration and C/N with particle density, we sequentially density fractionated an Oregon andic soil at 1.65, 1.85, 2.00, 2.28, and 2.55 g cm⁻³ and analyzed the six fractions for measures of organic matter and mineral phase properties.All measures of OM composition showed either: (1) a monotonic change with density, or (2) a monotonic change across the lightest fractions, then little change over the heaviest fractions. Total C, N, and lignin phenol concentration all decreased monotonically with increasing density, and ¹⁴C mean residence time (MRT) increased with particle density from ca. 150 years to >980 years in the four organo-mineral fractions. In contrast, C/N, ¹³C and ¹⁵N concentration all showed the second pattern. All these data are consistent with a general pattern of an increase in extent of microbial processing with increasing organo-mineral particle density, and also with an “onion” layering model.X-ray diffraction before and after separation of magnetic materials showed that the sequential density fractionation (SDF) isolated pools of differing mineralogy, with layer-silicate clays dominating in two of the intermediate fractions and primary minerals in the heaviest two fractions. There was no indication that these differences in mineralogy controlled the differences in density of the organo-mineral particles in this soil. Thus, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that variation in particle density reflects variation in thickness of the organic accumulations and with an “onion” layering model for organic matter accumulation on mineral surfaces. However, the mineralogy differences among fractions made it difficult to test either the layer-thickness or “onion” layering models with this soil. Although SDF isolated pools of distinct mineralogy and organic-matter composition, more work will be needed to understand mechanisms relating the two factors.     

Constraints on development of fungal biomass and decomposition processes during restoration of arable sandy soils

In an earlier study we reported the apparent stabilization of a low fungal biomass in ex-arable lands during the first decades after abandonment. It was hypothesized that the lack of increase in fungal biomass was due to constraints on development of fungi with persistent hyphae such as lignocellulolytic basidiomycetes and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. With respect to the former group, the slow increase of the pool of lignocellulose-rich organic matter was expected to be the major constraint for their development. To study this, we enriched soil samples of one arable land, of two recently abandoned arable lands, of one older abandoned arable land and of heathland with carbon substrates that differed in composition (glucose, cellulose and sawdust). In addition, we combined the effect of carbon addition on fungal biomass development in arable and recently abandoned lands with inoculation of 1% of soil from the older abandoned site and the heathland. All treatments induced a fast increase and a subsequent rapid decline in fungal biomass in the arable and ex-arable fields. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) band patterns and enzyme activities did show differences between the carbon treatments but not between the recent and older abandoned field sites, indicating a similarly responding fungal community even after three decades of land abandonment and irrespective of soil inoculation. Identification of fungi by sequencing and culturing confirmed that decomposition processes were mostly dominated by opportunistic fungi in arable and ex-arable fields. In the heathland, only a very slow increase of microbial activity was observed after addition of carbon and sequencing of DGGE bands showed that ericoid mycorrhiza (ERM) fungi were responsible for carbon decomposition. We conclude that an increase of enduringly present fungal hyphae in ex-arable land may only be possible when a separate litter layer develops and/or when suitable host plants for ERM fungi become established.