The anthocoridae of Israel (heteroptera)

Data are presented on the 26 species of Anthocoridae of Israel, five of which are new to this country. Five species are abundant; two of them (both monophagous) reduce significantly the populations of their preys —Elatophilus hebraicus Per. feeding onMatsucoccus josephi (Coccoidea: Margarodidae), a destructive pest of Aleppo pine, andMontandoniola moraguesi (Put.) feeding onGynaikothrips ficorum (Thysanoptera), deforming the leaves ofFicus microcarpa; the three other abundant species areAnthocoris nemoralis (F.) — preying mostly on psyllids and aphids,Scoloposcelis pulchella (Zett.) — destroying the young stages of pine bark beetles, andCardiastethus nazarenas Reut. — feeding on many groups of small arthropods. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization. No. 2621-E, 1989 series.     

以色列农业的现代化与河南农业发展的思考

通过对以色列现代化农业发展的分析,研讨了各因子与农业产出的关系,并对自变量与因变量之间的相关性及相关主进行了测算,据此,提出了河南农业发展借鉴的经验。     

Preharvest kernel invasion in groundnut genotypes by Aspergillus flavus and its relation to the pod surface area

Summary Field and microplot trials were conducted. In microplot experiments the soil was artificially infested by Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries. In field tests the percentage of A. flavus-affected kernels and in microplot experiments the number of A. flavus colonies emerging from 100 seeds was determined. As the geocarpoplane is the main frontier of pod invasion, pod surfaces were measured and the number of seedborne colonies per 100 cm² of pod surface were calculated for each groundnut genotype. Some genotypes, which were similar in colony incidence (counts per 100 seeds), differed markedly from each other in colonization density (number of seedborne colonies as calculated per unit area of pod surface). Cultivar EC-21115 had a low incidence of seed borne colonies of A. flavus; however, the number of colonies per 100 cm² of pod surface was high. Cv. Lavkan was low, both, in colony incidence and colonization density. Genotypes low in both these parameters should be tested as potential sources of resistance.Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Voleani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel. No. 1149-E, 1993 series.     

Resistance of Triticum dicoccoides to infection with Erysiphe graminis tritici

Summary The reactions of 233 Triticum dicoccoides acessions, collected at 10 sites in Israel and elsewhere, to infection with cultures of Erysiphe graminis tritici, were determined. The reactions indicated that the number of sources of resistance to E. graminis tritici which can be obtained from T. dicoccoides plants growing wild in Israel and elsewhere is almost unlimited. One hundred and fourteen or 49% of the accessions were resistant, and 137 or 59% of the accessions were resistant or moderately resistant to infection with four cultures of E. graminis tritici which possess the virulence genes corresponding to most of the identified resistance genes in wheat. Accessions collected at sites with marginal habitats where T. dicoccoides grows poorly and has lower grain weight, were more susceptible than were accessions collected at sites with an optimal habitat for growth of T. dicoccoides. The results agreed with those in a previous study with Hordeum spontaneum, and indicate that to obtain H. spontaneum or T. dicoccoides accessions with the highest level of resistance to the powdery mildew pathogens, plants should be collected at sites in ecological and geographic regions where those two species occupy optimum habitats and are exposed to the powdery mildew pathogens.     

污水灌溉在以色列农业中的应用

介绍了污水灌溉在以色列的发展现状和取得的成效,分析了污水灌溉在我国特别是干旱与半干旱地区农业生产中的意义。     

以色列农业水资源管理模式和节水经验

对以色列农业水资源的管理模式、节水经验和发展节水型农业的技术路径进行了总结和分析,特别是其在农业水资源管理机制、开发和使用技术以及节水技术推广宣传等方面的经验值得我国学习和借鉴。     

Poaching of Israeli wildlife by guest workers

Movement of people from third- to first-world countries frequently brings with it different, and often opposing, approaches to wildlife. About 22,000 Thai workers are currently employed in Israel, mostly in agriculture. Most of these workers originate from the poor Isaan region in northeast Thailand, where the major source of income is from agriculture, supplemented by gathering and hunting of animals. In Israel, many of them engage in illegal hunting and gathering of wildlife. At least 28 species of mammals (including six domestic ones), 25 species of birds, seven species of reptiles, three species of amphibians and various species of fish, molluscs and other invertebrates have been found mainly in traps (chiefly noose traps) laid by Thai workers. Other methods of capture used by the workers include the use of hand-held catapults, netting, the collection of bird eggs, and the gathering of slow-moving vertebrates and invertebrates. These activities have a serious deleterious effect on the wildlife in Israel.     

Note: The malvastrum mealybugFerrisia malvastra (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae): Distribution, host plants and pest status in Israel

The malvastrum mealybugFerrisia malvastra (McDaniel) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) is widely distributed in Israel, recorded so far from 30 species of host plants belonging to 18 families. Its occurrence on herbal plants and on avocado should be considered by farmers in Israel.     

Status of pesticide resistance in arthropod pests in Israel

A complex of events and factors, pertinent to a specific insect and insecticide, governs the development of resistance to insecticides. In Israel, resistance to conventional and novel insecticides occurred in insect pests such asBemisia tabaci andSpodoptera littoralis (that damage agricultural crops),Tribolium castaneum and other flour beetles (that contaminate stored products), andPediculus humanus spp., house flies and mosquitoes (that threaten public health). In the mid-1980s an insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy was established for all cotton grown in Israel and is being adjusted on a yearly basis as needed. At present, insect pest management and IRM strategies are being developed and implemented area-wide for three regions in Israel: Bet She’an Valley, western Galilee, and western Negev. There are several research groups now working in Israel on various aspects of resistance including occurrence, mechanisms, and management practices. This paper offers a tentative review of the status of insecticide and acaricide resistance in pests in Israel.     

Effects of Grazing on Bituminaria bituminosa (L) Stirton: A Potential Forage Crop in Mediterranean Grasslands

Plant traits of Bituminaria bituminosa, as affected by different intensities of cattle grazing, were studied in a Mediterranean grassland in Israel. B. bituminosa is a widespread Mediterranean perennial legume species that may potentially serve as a fodder crop in Mediterranean grasslands. The aims of the present study were: (i) to evaluate the responses of B. bituminosa to different cattle grazing intensities; (ii) to study functional traits associated with grazing tolerance; and (iii) to evaluate its potential as an alternative forage crop in the region. A total of 100 B. bituminosa plants were monitored in field conditions. During the growing season each individual was sampled five times and the following plant traits were monitored each time: (i) aboveground biomass production, (ii) plant height, (iii) specific leaf area (SLA), (iv) number of flowers, (v) seed mass and size, (vi) tannin concentration in leaves, (vii) total nitrogen in leaves, (viii) fibre concentration in leaves (Neutral Detergent Fiber), and (ix) in vitro dry matter digestibility. The results showed that grazing intensity and history of grazing affected B. bituminosa performance. Plant biomass, height, and flower and seed production were all reduced when plants were exposed to cattle grazing. However, under moderate grazing intensities, its plant cover remained relatively stable indicating a potential tolerance under this stocking rate. The nutritious characteristics of B. bituminosa leaves were good, and the condensed tannins concentration found indicated favourable conditions for digestion. Moreover, the in vitro digestibility studies indicated relatively high values (46–51 %) of digestion. B. bituminosa may be considered as a potential crop for cattle feeding in Mediterranean grasslands. Growing this plant in dense stands in rotational paddocks may provide alternative sources of natural fodder protein, reducing the potential costs of artificial feed supplements.