Reproductive biology of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) along the East Coast of the United States

The reproductive biology of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) along the U.S. East Coast is examined from a collection 1437 females sampled from nearshore to the continental slope and from Florida to New York over a period of 3 years (2001–2003). In most years concurrent sampling along the coast was conducted over spring and summer months to resolve the initiation of spawning. We examined the spawning location, pattern and timing, and calculated the fecundity of fish from 600 to 840 mm in length. Based on macro- and microscopic analysis of female gonads, bluefish are multiple spawners with indeterminate fecundity. The presence of all stages of development in fully mature ovaries further indicates that bluefish have asynchronous oocyte development. Mean age at first maturity for female bluefish was 1.90 years and 480 mm total length. Mean batch fecundity was 402,247 eggs and ranged from 114,513 to 920,746 eggs, depending on age and weight. Direct observation of gonads showed imminent spawning in Florida and North Carolina during March to April, and from April to August from Virginia to New York. Given the progression of oocyte development over the range of space and time we sampled, we suggest that bluefish exhibit continuous spawning during their migration from the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) to Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB).     

4种植物源杀虫剂对葡萄蓟马的致毒作用

为探讨植物源杀虫剂对烟蓟马的毒力、生长发育和繁殖的影响，采用浸叶法测定4种植物源杀虫剂对烟蓟马2龄若虫和成虫的毒力，分析亚致死浓度对2龄若虫生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明：印楝素和苦参碱对2龄若虫的毒力相对较高，LC₅₀分别为6.983 mg/L和9.571 mg/L。印楝素、苦参碱和鱼藤酮的亚致死浓度LC₄₀对2龄若虫期和蛹期有显著延长作用，对化蛹率、羽化率、单雌产卵量和卵孵化率有明显地抑制作用。印楝素LC₄₀对化蛹率、羽化率、单雌产卵量和卵孵化率的抑制作用最强，抑制率分别为23.64%、17.60%、18.37%和12.54%。说明印楝素和苦参碱对烟蓟马的致毒作用较好，低龄若虫（2龄期前）是防治的最佳时期，除发挥2种药剂的毒力外，还可通过亚致死浓度对存活若虫的生长发育和繁殖形成抑制作用。     

Effects of temperature on reproductive capacity and longevity of Trissolcus simoni, an egg parasitoid of Eurygaster integriceps

In order to understand the effects of temperature on Trissolcus simoni, some parameters of the life tables of adult parasitoids were investigated under laboratory conditions. The following parameters were measured (the values in parentheses were obtained at 20, 26, and 32 °C temperatures, respectively): net reproductive rate (R_o=37.785, 40.301, and 58.299), intrinsic rate of population increase (r_m=0.111, 0.221, and 0.325), generation time (T=32.77, 16.60, and 12.49 days), doubling time (DT=6.245, 3.136, and 2.133), and finite rate of increase (=1.117, 1.247, and 1.385). Fecundity increased with increasing temperature. The values for total number of eggs deposited per female were 50.1, 64.1, and 68.1, and average female longevity was 24.2, 13.8, and 11.1 days at 20, 26, and 32°C, respectively. Temperature had a significant effect on longevity and oviposition and post-oviposition periods. The results of the study are discussed and compared with life-table parameters of other scelionids.     

光照对截形叶螨生长发育和繁殖的影响

长短光照对截形叶螨的影响有着显著差异，在30度时短光照明显延缓该螨的发育，Rm值相应降低，并且存活率和产雌卵率曲线均滞后于长光照处理。     

Carbaryl induced alterations in the reproduction and metabolism of freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata

When the freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata was exposed to sub-lethal doses (2.0, 5.0, and 8.0 mg/L) of carbaryl, fecundity was significantly reduced and even stopped at higher sub-lethal doses and altered metabolic activity in the body tissue of the snail was observed. The change from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism results in lesser energy production in the body tissues of the snails, causing paralysis and finally death. This reduced fecundity and altered metabolism suggests that it would be better to avoid the use of carbaryl pesticides in the water bodies or fields adjoining the water bodies particularly in the rainy season.     

寄主对节瓜蓟马繁殖力的影响

本文研究了不同节品种及“红茄”对节瓜蓟马繁殖力的影响。结果表明，节瓜成虫平均产卵量以“七星仔”为最大，其值为５４．９％粒／雌，显著大“红心‘，”黑毛“，”杂优“及”红茄“。而品种”红心“、“黑毛”及“杂优”间及其与“红茄”间的平均产卵旺没有显著差异。     

Fecundity and growth-dependent mortality of Pacific anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) in Korean coastal waters

We propose a method of estimating natural mortality of marine pelagic fishes, especially for early-life stages, based on their fecundity. To estimate size-dependent fecundity, growth and mortality of Pacific anchovy (Engraulis japonicus), the most abundant fish species in coastal waters off the Korean peninsula, we undertook a synthesis of results from past studies and data. Assuming that the growth coefficient K varies with water temperature, we derived a modified von Bertalanffy growth equation covering all life stages based on otolith analysis of anchovies collected from southwestern coastal area of Korea in 1996. By revisting a past study on spawning and egg production of anchovies in the southern Korean coastal waters, we calculated a monthly-averaged fraction of mature females spawning per day to estimate that an average female anchovy spawns 36 times per year, and that the mean number of eggs produced by an average female is ca. 160 × 10³ yr⁻¹. Accepting the ‘bigger-is-better’ hypothesis, we derived a theoretical mortality curve that assumes instantaneous natural mortality as an inverse function of anchovy body length. Assuming equilibrium status of stock, estimated annual instantaneous mortality of anchovy between egg to age-1 stage was 11.3 yr⁻¹ and estimated size-specific mortality was 1.24 d⁻¹ mm in fork length. The derived theoretical mortality curve fit well the stage-specific mortalities, which were estimated independently based on ichthyoplankton surveys and anchovy samples collected by commercial nets, but underestimated the egg mortality (0.89 d⁻¹ vs. 0.83 d⁻¹).     

Fecundity ofEurydema ornatum feeding on a variety of seeds under laboratory conditions

The egg parasitoidTrissolcus spp. is the natural enemy of the cabbage bug,Eurydema ornatum L. (Het., Pentatomidae), a destructive pest of cultivated and wild Crucifera. Its preferred host is the wheat bugEurygaster integriceps Put., the most important pest of wheat. In order to rear the parasite for biological control purposes, mass production of its hostE. ornatum is suggested. In a laboratory study, the fecundity ofE. ornatum feeding on garden cress and radish was significantly higher than on red cabbage, white cabbage, rape or cauliflower. The oviposition period was significantly longer on garden cress and radish than on the other Crucifera. There was no difference among the various Crucifera in terms of length of postoviposition period or number of eggs laid per female per day.     

新疆四种早春短命植物结实性及种子萌发特性初探

以新疆四种短命植物为材料,对短命植物植株结实性和种子萌发特性进行了初步研究.研究结果表明,光照对短命植物的分布、形态建成和结实率都有显著的影响.萌发实验结果则表明,光照对四种短命植物种子萌发率没有显著影响;在一定范围内温度的升高能够促进独行菜种子的萌发,而温度升高对其它三种短命植物没有显著影响.不同土壤基质的萌发实验表明:孔隙度大的基质(蛭石:珍珠岩=3:1)比孔隙度小的基质(花土:沙土=3:1)更有利于种子的萌发.四种短命植物的高结实率和种子萌发特性不仅是对早春生境的适应,也为短命植物种群在逆境的繁衍提供了保证.     

虫口密度对莲草直胸跳甲生殖力和存活能力的影响

莲草直胸跳甲Agasicles hygrophila是全球恶性杂草喜旱莲子草Alternanthera philoxeroides的专食性天敌。以莲草直胸跳甲成虫为研究对象,探究其在不同密度下的死亡率及生殖情况。在限定体积的饲养瓶中(250cm3),放置不同密度的成虫,结果表明成虫初期死亡率以雌雄比为4∶4时最低,单雌平均产卵量随密度的增高而下降,而卵的孵化率在雌雄比2∶2、4∶4、8∶8时高于在1∶1和16∶16时的孵化率。在限定的空间和食物资源条件下,虫口密度对莲草直胸跳甲死亡率与生殖力有一定影响,经试验证明每头成虫所需最适空间约为31.25cm3。