What is your diagnosis? Marked hyperchloremia in a dog

Abstract: A 5‐year‐old neutered male Cavalier King Charles Spaniel was evaluated for a 3‐week history of progressive paresis. The dog had been receiving potassium citrate capsules to acidify urine for the past 2 years because of an earlier history of urolithiasis. Results of neurologic examination, spinal cord radiography, and magnetic resonance imaging of the skull and spinal cord revealed no lesions that could have accounted for the neurologic signs. The main abnormalities on a clinical chemistry profile were marked hyperchloremia (179 mmol/L, reference interval 108–122 mmol/L) and an anion gap of ?50.4 mmol/L (reference interval 16.3–28.6 mmol/L). Because of the severe hyperchloremia, serum bromide concentration was measured (400 mg/dL; toxic concentration >150 mg/dL; some dogs may tolerate up to 300 mg/dL). Analysis of the potassium citrate capsules, which had been compounded at a local pharmacy, yielded a mean bromide concentration of 239 mg/capsule. Administration of the capsules was discontinued and there was rapid resolution of the dog's neurologic signs. This case of extreme bromide toxicity, which apparently resulted from inadvertent use of bromide instead of citrate at the pharmacy, illustrates the importance of knowing common interferents with analyte methodologies and of pursing logical additional diagnostic tests based on clinical and laboratory evidence, even when a patient's history appears to rule out a potential etiology.     

RNA干扰技术抑制口蹄疫病毒复制研究进展

RNA干扰(RNAi)技术作为一种特异性地抑制哺乳类细胞外源性或内源性基因表达的方法,近年来在口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)防治研究中迅速发展起来。文章综述了利用RNAi技术抑制口蹄疫病毒复制的各种策略,包括化学合成或病毒载体转染构建抑制FMDV复制的小干扰RNA(siRNA)、构建多个FMDV功能区的SiRNA、交叉抑制不同血清型FMDV的siRNA的设计和双功能载体来双向防控FMDV的SiR-NA设计。RNAi干扰技术的发展,为设计防治口蹄疫新型疫苗奠定了基础。     

Pre-exposure to infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus or to inactivated white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) confers protection against WSSV in Penaeus vannamei (Boone) post-larvae

Larvae and post-larvae of Penaeus vannamei (Boone) were submitted to primary challenge with infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) or formalin-inactivated white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Survival rate and viral load were evaluated after secondary per os challenge with WSSV at post-larval stage 45 (PL45). Only shrimp treated with inactivated WSSV at PL35 or with IHHNV infection at nauplius 5, zoea 1 and PL22 were alive (4.7% and 4%, respectively) at 10 days post-infection (p.i.). Moreover, at 9 days p.i. there was 100% mortality in all remaining treatments, while there was 94% mortality in shrimp treated with inactivated WSSV at PL35 and 95% mortality in shrimp previously treated with IHHNV at N5, Z1 and PL22. Based on viral genome copy quantification by real-time PCR, surviving shrimp previously challenged with IHHNV at PL22 contained the lowest load of WSSV (0-1x10(3) copies microg-1 of DNA). In addition, surviving shrimp previously exposed to inactivated WSSV at PL35 also contained few WSSV (0-2x10(3) copies microg-1 of DNA). Consequently, pre-exposure to either IHHNV or inactivated WSSV resulted in slower WSSV replication and delayed mortality. This evidence suggests a protective role of IHHNV as an interfering virus, while protection obtained by inactivated WSSV might result from non-specific antiviral immune response.     

RNA干涉技术

综述RNAi的发展历史,介绍RNA的作用机制及其特点并展望其应用前景。     

甘蓝型油菜Bn19070的表达与同源基因At2G19070的amiRNAi研究

基于原芯片杂交结果,油菜杂合双显性雄性核不育系差异表达基因Bn19070与拟南芥At2G19070基因高度同源,在油菜可育株雄蕊中高量表达,不育株雄蕊中表达量极低。从雄性不育基因At2G19070入手,利用amiRNAi (人工微RNA干扰)技术对其两个RNA区段分别设计靶标,转化拟南芥。在多个转基因拟南芥植株和后代中普遍观察到小孢子数量减少、成熟花粉萎缩失去活力、不结实或者少结实的不育表型。两个靶标的干扰使转基因拟南芥出现了类似的表型,基因表达抑制率都在90%以上,干扰效果好,暗示amiRNAi技术在靶标选择上具有一定的灵活性。At2G19070基因的干扰对Bn19070的功能研究有借鉴作用。     

棉花NBS-LRR类基因RNA干扰载体的构建及烟草转化

【目的】初步获知棉花NBS-LRR类基因的生物学意义,构建干扰载体。【方法】以抗枯萎病棉花中棉12号为材料,用霍格兰营养液培养至三叶期,进行枯萎病菌接菌诱导处理,以不接菌为对照。利用cDNA-AFLP技术筛选差异基因片段,在GenBank中进行序列同源性比对,找到抗枯萎病基因片段,该基因片段的序列与GenBank中报道的序列同源性达到72%。将此基因片段以正向和反向插入到pPZP35S,经限制性酶切和质粒PCR鉴定。【结果】已成功构建了干扰载体。采用农杆菌侵染法将干扰载体转入烟草中。【结论】为研究棉花NBS-LRR类基因的功能打下基础,为通过转基因技术深入研究该基因在棉花抗病机理创造条件。     

葡萄病毒AMP基因RNA干扰载体的构建

RNA干扰（RNAi）介导的植物抗病毒研究是近年来引起广泛关注的一项植物抗病毒基因工程策略。本文以GVA运动蛋白（MP）基因为模板扩增出了418 bp的基因片段,根据RNA干扰的基本原理,将目的片段正反向分别插入到载体pFGC5941内含子的两侧以便其转录过程中高效产生RNA发夹结构。经PCR扩增证明已成功构建以GVA MP基因为靶标的干扰载体pFGC5941-GVAFR,并成功转入农杆菌EHA105中,为后续探讨干扰载体的干涉效果奠定了基础。     

Effects of Suppressing OsCRY1a Gene Expression on Rice Agronomic Traits

Using primers designed according to the published sequence of rice OsCRY1a gene,we obtained part of the gene fragment by PCR and constructed an RNA interference expression vector with it.To down-regulate the expression level of the gene or lead to the loss-of-function of the gene,the vector was then introduced into rice via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.Based on the performance of the transgenic plants,the functions of the gene were analyzed and deduced.The results indicated that suppressing the expression of the gene retarded flowering for 16 d in rice with the plant height and grain length significantly increasing whereas other important agronomic traits observed remained unchanged apparently.     

对虾WSSV病毒VP281基因的siRNA筛选研究

构建一个对虾WSSV VP281基因的siRNA筛选体系,获取有效siRNA,为进一步开展siRNA抗WSSV研究建立基础.根据已报道的VP281基因编码序列,设计并合成一对引物,扩增出带双酶切位点的VP2 81.对VP281和质粒pEGFP-C1分别酶切后进行连接,获取表达载体pEGFP-VP281.利用专业软件设计3对靶向VP281的siRNA(VP281 -siRNA1、VP281-siRNA2、VP281 -siRNA3),并合成siRNA,将3种siRNA分别与pEGFP-VP281共转染PK细胞.采用Western blot方法检测GFP-VP281融合蛋白的表达,半定量RT-PCR方法检验siRNA抑制VP2 81基因转录的效果.结果显示,pEGFP -VP281可在BHK细胞正常表达融合蛋白GFP-VP281.3对siRNA对GFP-VP281的mRNA转录均有不同程度的干扰效果,siRNA2的干扰效果最为显著.构建针对WSSV-VP281基因的siRNA筛选体系,初步验证了该系统的有效性,为开展siRNA抗WSSV研究建立了基础.     

软体动物毛蚶RNA干扰技术的应用研究

为了在软体动物中建立RNA干扰技术,以用于毛蚶基因功能研究。通过体外转录技术合成双链RNA,并将其注射毛蚶干扰目标基因的表达。肌肉注射双链RNA 48 h后取样,用RT-PCR技术检测目标基因的表达变化,以确定干扰的有效性。结果显示：各目标基因的表达均能被各自特异的双链RNA有效干扰而降低。在注射双链RNA后不同时间点,即12、48、72、96、120 h,取样检测目标基因的时序表达,以确定目标基因表达被干扰的时间效应。发现目标基因的表达在48 h即能有效降低,而且有效时间能持续至120 h以上。对注射双链RNA的动物个体,于48 h取样检测不同组织的目标基因表达,发现毛蚶的RNA干扰效应能系统性地在不同组织发生,表明干扰效应能在不同组织之间进行传递。因此,本研究报道了一种稳定的毛蚶RNA干扰技术,为在毛蚶中进行基因功能鉴定和抗病毒研究提供了一个有效的分子生物学的方法。