基于GIS技术的县级中压配电网架优化规划方法

该文运用GIS技术将负荷点的地理坐标转化为屏幕坐标，并在屏幕上显示，根据屏幕上负荷的分布密度情况，通过人机对话方式将规划区域划分成几个小区域(分块区域)。首先对每个分块区域利用最小二乘法确定初始主干线，在此基础上对该区域的负荷点按照最短路径法进行连接，形成初始网架；根据目标函数的要求不断修正主干线及相应的负荷连接，实现了每个分块区域的最优网架；将每个分块区域的优化网架连接，形成该区域的优化网架。该方法将网架优化理论与GIS技术紧密结合，并将复杂问题分解成简单问题。实例规划结果表明，该优化方法智能、快速、有效。     

基于土壤侵蚀定位土芯元素示踪法和GIS技术红壤小流域坡地土壤肥力的综合评价

利用定位土芯稀土元素(Eu)示踪法及中子活化技术,对蒋家塘小流域坡地土壤侵蚀空间分 布规律进行了研究,并利用模糊数学的方法,建立了影响蒋家塘小流域侵蚀土壤肥力因素单因子评价模型,利用层次分析法确定各评价因子的权重,并用加权法得到 每个评价单元的土壤肥力综合指数,根据其数值的大小,将土壤肥力分为高(>0.45)、中( 0.25～0.45)和低(<0.25)3级.借助地理信息系统软件ARCVIEW3.1对蒋家塘小流域坡地土壤 侵蚀状况和土壤肥力状况进行了分析,结果表明地形部位较高,坡度较大,植被较少或裸 露的坡顶及上坡部位,土壤侵蚀量较大,侵蚀程度严重;而在地形部位较缓,植被覆盖度较 大的坡段土壤侵蚀量较小,侵蚀较轻.植被覆盖度较小,顺坡种植的坡段,土壤侵蚀量较大 ,土壤侵蚀严重;而植被覆盖度较大,等高梯田种植的坡段土壤侵蚀量较小,土壤侵蚀较轻 ;下坡部位土壤往往发生沉积.在整个小流域中,侵蚀程度严重(>100 t/hm2*a)的坡地面积比例为15.67%,侵蚀程度中等(10～100 t/hm2*a)的坡地比例为22.13%,侵蚀程度较轻(1～10 t/hm2*a)坡地比例为5.60%,无侵蚀(<1 t/hm2*a)的坡地比例为34 .23%.土壤肥力较高的坡地面积比例为22.00%,中等的为34.75%,低下的为20.85%.蒋家塘 小流域坡地土壤肥力水平多数处于中下等水平,占总流域面积的55.60%,占坡地面积71 .62%. 水土流失是造成土壤肥力降低,土壤贫瘠化的一个最重要的原因,侵蚀严重的地方,土壤肥 力低下,侵蚀较轻或沉积的地方,土壤肥力较高,土壤侵蚀模数与土壤肥力指数之间的相关指数为0.801(n=33),达极显著水平.     

Spatial modeling of wind speed around windbreaks

This paper presents a model to integrate windbreak shelter effects into a Geographic Information System (GIS). The GIS procedure incorporates the 1999 version windbreak sub-model of the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS). Windbreak shelter is modeled in terms of friction velocity reduction, which is a function of wind speed and direction, distance from the barrier, windbreak height, porosity, width, and orientation. A first application of the model was conducted at a study area with an extensive windbreak network in England (Thetford, East Anglia). Windbreak characteristics (windbreak type, height, width, porosity, and location) were recorded. Porosity was estimated from digitized B/W silhouettes. To evaluate the network effectiveness, a windbreak network shelter index (SI) was proposed in terms of average reduction of friction velocity over the area due to network shelter. The network was found to give good protection, but the windbreak distribution was not optimal in relation to the wind vector distribution.     

Studies on Nutrient Distribution in Some Zambian Soils with Special Reference to Sulphur Using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) I. Total Sulphur Distribution in Major Zambian Soils

Total sulphur content of some benchmark soils was evaluated by correlating with the contents of soil organic C and amorphous oxides (Al and Fe), and the particle size distribution. An equation model to calculate the content of total soil sulphur was first obtained by regression analysis. Introducing these chemical and physical data of all the map units except for the wetlands into the equation model, the sulphur level on a national scale was estimated for each soil mapping unit in the exploratory soil map of Zambia. Second, the total sulphur content was rated into 3 classes based on the frequency distribution of the total sulphur content in the benchmark soils. Finally, the rated total sulphur content was incorporated into the national soil map database of GIS to produce a map with the total sulphur content of Zambian soils. The extent of each class was calculated and the distribution of the areas was examined in relation to rainfall and soil formation.     

Impact of lakeshore development on green frog abundance

Many amphibian species exhibit metapopulation spatial dynamics and temporally are faced with local population extinction and re-colonization. These natural population fluctuations can exhibit stochastic effects when human-caused alteration and fragmentation of habitats occur during sensitive life-cycle events. In this study, we explored the effects of shoreline development on adult green frogs Rana clamitans melanota on lakes (n=24) of northern Wisconsin. We estimated green frog abundance using both auditory and direct observation surveys. The immediate shoreline habitat was mapped and placed into a Geographical Information System (GIS) for analysis. Adult green frog populations were significantly lower on lakes with varying degrees of shoreline house and cottage development than lakes with little or no development. A negative linear relationship existed between shoreline development densities and the number of adult green frogs. However, house and cottage densities alone did not directly explain this reduction. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified that the amount of suitable habitat, not development density, significantly affected green frog abundance. Therefore, greater development densities significantly decrease breeding habitat quality, resulting in lower adult frog abundance. These and other findings suggest that lakeshore development regulations are not protecting sensitive amphibian species.     

Carbon sequestration potential of recommended management practices for paddy soils of China, 1980-2050

China's rice paddies, accounting for 19% of the world's total, play an important role in soil carbon (C) sequestration. In order to reduce uncertainties from upscaling spatial processes of the DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model for improving the understanding of C sequestration under recommended management practices (RMPs), we parameterized the DNDC model with a 1:1,000,000 polygonal soil database to estimate how RMPs influence potential C sequestration of the top 30 cm of Chinese paddy soils and to identify which management practices have the greatest potential to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) in these soils. These practices include reduced/no tillage, increasing crop residue return, and increasing manure applications. A baseline and eleven RMP scenarios were projected from 2009 to 2080, including traditional and conservation tillage, increasing crop residue return, increasing manure incorporation, and the combination of these practices. The results indicated that C sequestration potential under modeled RMPs increased compared to the baseline scenario, and varied greatly from 29.2 to 847.7 Tg C towards the end of the study period with an average rate of 0.7 to 20.2 Tg C yr^− 1. In general, increasing crop residue return was associated with higher rates of C sequestration when compared to increasing manure application or practicing conservation tillage. The simulations demonstrated that the most effective soil C sequestration strategy probably involves the implementation of a combination of RMPs, and that they vary by location.     

“3S”技术在水土保持工作中的应用及展望

随着遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)与全球定位系统(GPS)三项技术的飞速发展,其在水土保持工作中的应用也得到不断加强。基于“3S”技术在水土保持工作中的应用,提出了“3S”技术的集成构想,最后对“3S”技术在水土保持中的应用做了相应的展望。     

四川省南充市GIS土壤数据库系统设计的理论研究

在调查、收集大量土壤资料的基础上,以地理信息系统(G IS)为支撑、以试验对比分析作验证,对南充土壤数据库设计与应用进行了系统的研究,首次建立基于G IS的南充市土壤数据库系统,提出了建立市级土壤数据库系统的原则、方法、模式和土壤数据库系统推广应用新的技术路线。     

基于GIS的小流域坡耕地调查方法探讨

坡耕地研究是水土流失治理及水土保持规划的核心内容 ,GIS的发展及其在多领域的成功应用为坡耕地研究提供了新的技术手段。用矢量基础图件叠加来获取单元图斑的方法是GIS的基本功能 ,但叠加多边形的不确定性成为影响GIS数据质量的灾难性因素。以MapGIS作为基础平台 ,以DOM作为控制底图更新信息 ,采取矢栅叠加的方法获得单元图斑 ,用操作属性表获取专题属性 ,进行小流域坡耕地快速调查的研究 ,展示了矢栅叠加方法在信息复合过程中的显著优势。     

基于掌上电脑的农田信息快速采集与处理系统的研究

为了解决精细农业中空间信息及属性信息的快速获取与分析处理问题，提出并实现了基于掌上电脑的农田信息快速采集与实时处理系统。分析了具体实现系统功能的若干关键技术，如地理信息系统(GIS)、空间索引、Windows CE数据库技术、采样控制等因硬件环境的不同而产生的问题及相应的解决方案，又针对农场环境下的特殊性，提出并实现了一个面向对象的农场模型，以便于更好的描述农场环境及更方便的确定采样方案。作为一种实时系统，该系统可结合全球定位系统(GPS)和各种传感器，快速地测量和分析农田信息。应用该系统对两种GPS(Ag132与MAP330)进行了精度比较试验，快速而方便地证实了Ag132有更好的精确性与稳定性，更适于农业生产要求。试验的过程与结果也间接表明了该系统具有较好的实用性，为精细农业田间信息快速采集和处理设备的研制与开发奠定了基础。