Forest management and forest state in southern Sweden before and after the impact of storm Gudrun in the winter of 2005

About three times the annual cut in southern Sweden (Götaland) was damaged by the storm Gudrun in January 2005, i.e. almost as much as the normal annual cut for all of Sweden. To establish any differences in forest management and state before and after the storm, measures such as growing stock volume, age-class distribution, and species composition were analyzed within the damaged area. As a reference the situation before and after the storm within the area in Götaland not damaged by the storm was also analyzed. For all analyses, sample plots from the Swedish National Forest Inventory were used. Results based on mean values for the years 2000–2004/2005–2009 showed that the total growing stock for the damaged area decreased by approximately 30 million m³ after the storm. This was mainly caused by a decrease in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst). Annual growth for pine, spruce, and deciduous trees decreased by 1.8 million m³ in the damaged area. This mainly included stands already thinned and not, as expected, in the stands ready for final felling. Also, the proportional area within each of the age classes 21–40, 41–60, and 61–80 years decreased. The storm led to an increased area in immediate need of precommercial thinning. No changes in choice of species when regenerating could be observed. Furthermore, only marginal adaptation by forest owners to future risk of wind throw could be detected.     

SWOT框架下的北亚热带人工草地鼠害防控响应浅析

基于SWOT模型,从防控优势、防控劣势、防控机会、防控威胁四个方面浅析了北亚热带人工草地极具代表性的昆明小哨草场的鼠害防控条件。结果表明,防控优势是农牧民生产实践中积累的有效防控鼠害经验;防控劣势是鼠害危害程度大,不易被发现;防控机会是防控方法增多,应该借鉴引用;防控威胁是草场退化滋养了鼠害的发生,资金和研发力度不够。提出了建立健全北亚热带区草地鼠害监控系统,将鼠害控制在萌芽阶段,使鼠害造成的损失降到最低,实现北亚热带区人工草地的健康、持续、稳定发展。     

干旱胁迫对红椿盆栽土壤含水率与植株伤害程度的影响

以2年生红椿盆栽幼苗为对象,开展干旱胁迫及复水试验,对各观测日的土壤含水率、叶片伤害指数及植株萎蔫度进行分析,结果表明:(1)各时间段受试盆栽土壤含水率及叶片伤害指数差异均呈极显著差异;(2)复水一定程度上改善了胁迫伤害;(3)土壤含水率与植株受伤害程度呈极显著的负相关关系。(4)要保证2年生红椿幼苗的正常生长,必须将土壤含水率保持在25%以上。     

重金属胁迫对生物DNA影响的研究进展

对重金属胁迫对植物、动物、微生物的DNA(包括碱基、基因、染色体等)的影响进行综述。指出,重金属胁迫能够诱导生物体产生碱基改变、DNA单双链断裂、染色体改变等DNA损伤。介绍一些检测重金属的方法及重金属胁迫对生物的DNA影响的研究方法,有助于进一步防御改善重金属污染,更好地了解重金属胁迫对生物体造成DNA损伤的机理。     

马铃薯整茎压缩力学特性研究

【目的】分析马铃薯的整茎压缩力学特性,降低收获作业时收获机具对马铃薯的机械损伤。【方法】在5种不同加载速率(15,25,35,45,55mm/min)和3个不同加载方向(x向:马铃薯块茎的脐部与顶点连线方向;y向:块茎径向截面的短轴方向;z向:块茎径向截面的长轴方向)下,对2种含水率56.8%左右且在甘肃种植面积较广的马铃薯(新大坪和陇薯3号)进行整茎压缩试验,测定马铃薯的压缩破裂力和变形量,并对其进行显著性和差异性比较。【结果】显著性分析表明:加载方向对破裂力影响显著,加载速率对破裂力影响极显著,品种对马铃薯压缩变形量影响显著;差异性分析显示:加载方向对破裂力影响不显著,但z向加载对马铃薯压缩变形量影响较大;15,25和35mm/min的加载速率对破裂力均有显著影响,当加载速率为45和55mm/min时,二者对破裂力影响的显著性表现一致;品种的差异性对压缩变形量有显著影响。【结论】马铃薯整茎压缩试验结果为甘肃产马铃薯的收获、贮藏、运输及加工装备的设计研究提供了必要的力学参数。     

Cu2+对克氏原螯虾（Procambarus clarkii）肝胰腺的蛋白质氧化损伤效应

克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)是一种潜在的水质环境污染的指示生物,为研究水体中不同浓度的重金属Cu2+对其肝胰腺组织的蛋白质氧化损伤作用,在测得Cu2+致克氏原螯虾96 hLC50为30 mg·L-1后,将螯虾分别暴露于0、0.5、1.0、3.0、5.0、10.0 mg·L-1的Cu2+溶液中,并在暴露24、48、72、96 h后测定各处理组肝胰腺组织的活性氧自由基(ROS)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性、蛋白质羰基(PCO)含量以及DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)系数。结果表明,在暴露24h时,随着Cu2+浓度的升高,ROS、T-AOC和GSH-PX水平的变化规律相似,均为先上升后下降,PCO含量和DPC系数随暴露浓度的升高而增加;在暴露48、72、96 h后,ROS、T-AOC、PCO水平和DPC系数均表现为先升后降的趋势,GSH-PX活性在染毒96 h后,随着浓度的升高而下降。PCO含量的变化具有一定的剂量-效应关系。结果提示,肝胰腺的蛋白质氧化损伤可能是重金属Cu2+致克氏原螯虾毒性效应的主要机制之一。     

菲、芘对蚕豆的氧化胁迫和DNA损伤

以菲和芘为多环芳烃(PAHs)的代表物,以超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量为指标,研究了菲、芘对蚕豆的氧化胁迫;利用彗星实验分析了菲、芘对蚕豆DNA的损伤效应;将蚕豆幼苗根经抗氧化剂维生素E预处理后,暴露于菲、芘污染,研究了DNA损伤与氧化胁迫间的关系。结果表明,供试条件下菲、芘污染导致蚕豆幼苗SOD、POD、CAT活性提高和MDA含量上升,且MDA含量与菲、芘浓度均显著正相关;蚕豆根尖细胞DNA损伤随菲、芘暴露浓度的升高而增大,0~50 mg·kg-1菲污染条件下彗星图像尾矩(TM)值从46.41μm(阴性对照)增加到122.04μm(50 mg·kg-1菲污染处理),增大了162.96%。50mg·kg-1芘暴露下TM值从阴性对照的44.30μm增至110.36μm,增大了149.21%。经抗氧化剂维生素E预处理,蚕豆的DNA损伤程度减小。综上可知,菲、芘对蚕豆产生氧化胁迫并造成根尖细胞DNA损伤,菲、芘诱导的DNA损伤与氧化胁迫有关。     

不同脱水条件下蝴蝶兰类原球茎的失水程度与耐脱水性

为了解蝴蝶兰类原球茎(PLB)耐脱水性规律,本研究通过取一定数目、鲜重的PLB样品分别经不同相对湿度或时间脱水后进行相关测定,结果表明经相对湿度52%下脱水2d的PLB含水率13.31g/gdw(脱水重/鲜重比值40.62%)是质膜损伤和胁迫致死的临界含水率。虽然不同脱水条件使材料达到接近的含水率,但较高湿度脱水对PLB组织细胞伤害较小。相较于含水率指标,PLB脱水重/鲜重比值与相对电导率、成活率有良好的线性关系。进一步的研究表明PLB脱水处理前用水浸泡不能明显提高脱水后的PLB脱水重/鲜重比值,但能明显提高成活率。从实验结果我们可以得出,慢速脱水蝴蝶兰PLB可减轻脱水损伤,降低脱水损伤对PLB起始含水率的敏感性;采用PLB脱水重/鲜重比值替代含水率表示材料失水程度是可取的。     

Toxicological effects of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles in soil on earthworm Eisenia fetida

Nanoparticles (NPs) of TiO₂ and ZnO are receiving increasing attention due to their widespread applications. To evaluate their toxicities to the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) in soil, artificial soil systems containing distilled water, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 or 5.0 g kg⁻¹ of NPs were prepared and earthworms were exposed for 7 days. Contents of Zn and Ti in earthworm, activities of antioxidant enzymes, DNA damage to earthworm, activity of cellulase and damage to mitochondria of gut cells were investigated after acute toxicity test. The results from response of the antioxidant system combined with DNA damage endpoint (comet assay) indicated that TiO₂ and ZnO NPs could induce significant damage to earthworms when doses were greater than 1.0 g kg⁻¹. We found that Ti and Zn, especially Zn, were bioaccumulated, and that mitochondria were damaged at the highest dose in soil (5.0 g kg⁻¹). The activity of cellulase was significantly inhibited when organisms were exposed to 5.0 g kg⁻¹ of ZnO NPs. Our study demonstrates that both TiO₂ and ZnO NPs exert harmful effects to E. fetida when their levels are higher than 1.0 g kg⁻¹ in soil and that toxicity of ZnO NPs was higher than TiO₂.     

Na+ Retention in the Root is a Key Adaptive Mechanism to Low and High Salinity in the Glycophyte,Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. (Portulacaceae)

Talinum paniculatum is an important leafy vegetable and medicinal plant, used in many parts of South America, Africa and Asia. Its adaptation to abiotic stress has received little attention and therefore worthy of interest, especially as environmental conditions are rendering arable lands increasingly unfavourable for agriculture. Therefore, this study was undertaken to examine the influence of salt stress on the vegetative growth of the plant by subjecting seedlings to 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 300 mm NaCl stress for 10 days. The dry weight, ion concentrations, relative water content, oxidative damage, proline, osmotic potential and some antioxidants were determined. The plants were found to retain Na⁺ mainly in the root, with less affected leaf K⁺ concentration, and consequently very low shoot Na⁺/K⁺ ratios (<0.2) under all the stress treatments. The proline content significantly increased under the 100–300 mm treatments (18‐ to 244‐fold), with a corresponding significant reduction in osmotic potential and hence high osmotic adjustment. The antioxidant enzyme activities and non‐enzyme antioxidants showed significant increase only under the highest salinity. Taken together, these results suggest that shoot Na⁺ exclusion is characteristic of this plant and is mainly responsible for its adaptation to low salinity.