Agricultural and ecological aspects of a sandy soil as affected by the application of municipal solid waste composts

We present the results of a plot experiment in which the changes in physical, chemical and physico-chemical properties of a sandy soil were examined after amending the soil with two different composts produced from municipal solid wastes. Triticale (X Triticosecale), cultivated in a 3-y monoculture, was used as a test plant. Both composts differed in their concentrations of heavy metals. Composts were applied non-recurrently in the spring before sowing, at the rates of 18, 36, and 72 t dry matter ha⁻¹. The plots without fertilization, and those fertilized annually with mineral nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) were used as controls. Soil samples were collected 1 month after compost application, as well as each year after harvesting. Application of both composts improved soil physical properties, associated with increasing content of organic carbon (OC). Statistically significant increases of total porosity, field water capacity and amounts of plant-available water were found only in the short time after compost application. Despite the fact that soil OC content decreased with time, a C:N ratio clearly increased in the third year after compost application, which was explained by a depletion of N reserve. Both composts caused a large increase of plant-available P, K, and magnesium (Mg), which was observed during the entire period of the experiment. Beneficial changes were also observed in soil humic substances composition. These were confirmed by increased humic acids content and humic/fulvic acid ratios. Soil cation exchange capacity and base saturation increased in all plots amended with composts. This effect was still observed 1 year after compost application, while in the third year it remained significant only at the highest compost rates. Compost originating from industrial areas, even if applied in low amounts, caused a significant increase in total concentration of soil heavy metals. This fact did not result, however, in any substantial changes in soil quality with regard to heavy metals content.     

有机固体废弃物堆肥的腐熟度评价指标

有机固体废弃物堆肥的腐熟度指标是评价堆肥稳定及安全农用的重要参数,通过综述堆肥的物理、化学、生物学指标,提出评价堆肥的腐熟度时,物理指标一般作为辅助指标,化学指标中T值≤0 6、水溶性C/总有机N≤0 70可以稳定应用,核磁共振和红外光谱分析可以精细地评价腐熟后堆肥产品中各组分,发芽率指标可作为堆肥产品安全稳定的生物指标。在应用时要与BOD、CEC、腐殖化参数等多方面结合来评价堆肥的腐熟程度。     

有机地表覆盖材料对树穴土壤理化性质的影响

通过大田试验,研究有机地表覆盖材料对土壤理化性质的影响。以圆明园公园内的桑葚林(Morus alba L.)树穴土壤为研究对象设置6种处理,即水性聚氨酯胶黏剂有机覆盖垫(A)、水性聚氨酯与淀粉胶黏剂混合比9∶1有机覆盖垫(B)、水性聚氨酯与淀粉胶黏剂混合比8∶2有机覆盖垫(C)、水性聚氨酯与淀粉胶黏剂混合比7∶3有机覆盖垫(D)、木片覆盖(M)和无覆盖处理(CK),对不同地表覆盖材料的覆盖效果进行评价。结果表明:(1)总体来看,1年后不同有机地表覆盖材料覆盖下树穴土壤的容重、孔隙度、持水量等物理指标以及不同土层土壤pH变化不大。(2)与CK相比,不同有机地表覆盖材料可增加土壤中有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的含量,覆盖后0-10 cm土层比10-20 cm土层的效果更为明显。综合考虑,不同有机地表覆盖材料能够改善土壤养分含量,水性聚氨酯与淀粉胶黏剂混合比8∶2有机覆盖垫(C)为5种有机地表覆盖材料中最适合裸露树穴的覆盖材料。     

蠕虫(蚯蚓)处理生物垃圾的初步研究

利用蚯蚓的生理代谢活动来处理生物垃圾,从而改变土壤的理化性质,提高土壤肥力,改善土壤中的氮、磷和钾等元素的含量,同时蚯蚓自身也得以存活和增殖。试验通过测定经蚯蚓消化代谢后的生物垃圾,从产物中找出氮、磷、钾的变化规律。同时试验表明蚯蚓的周繁殖率为34%,单独个体日处理生物垃圾量为0.957 g。利用蠕虫(蚯蚓)对生物垃圾进行处理不仅可获得良好的环境效益、生态效益,同时通过蚯蚓增殖更可获得较好的经济效益。     

废聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(PSF)制备胶粘剂中溶剂的选择

研究了利用废聚苯乙烯制备胶粘剂中溶剂的选择及溶剂比例的确定。结果表明:溶解聚苯乙烯的理想溶剂为二甲苯、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇的混合溶剂。当二甲苯、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇的比例为2∶3∶3时,制得胶粘剂的性能较好。     

黄姜皂素废渣废水制备有机肥的研究与应用

以黄姜皂素废渣和高浓度皂素废水作为主要原料,经高温堆肥发酵制备成有机肥料,为皂素废渣和高浓度皂素废水的治理和资源化利用提供了一种有效的方法.试验结果表明,高浓度皂素废水中含有堆肥发酵所需要的营养,与皂素废渣和少量的发酵辅料混合后接种复合微生物菌剂,采用高温堆肥发酵方式可生产出合格的有机肥料.经小麦盆栽试验和油菜田间试验证明,皂素渣有机肥料具有显著肥效.     

烟草综合利用现状及其前景

目前我国种植的烟草主要用作卷烟原料,但烟草栽培上的副产物以及卷烟工业中的废次物占其生物学产量一半以上,如何合理综合利用烟草关系到我国烟草农业以及卷烟工业的可持续发展。从烟草各个部位、卷烟工业废次物以及转基因烟草三个方面对国内外烟草综合利用的现状作一简要综述,并对烟草的综合利用前景进行展望。     

废胶粉/NR共混胶料力学性能的研究

研究了共混方法、共混时间、废胶粉的用量以及废胶粉经间苯二酚(R)和六次甲基四胺(H)改性后对废胶粉/NR共混胶力学性能的影响。结果表明,共混方法、共混时间及废胶粉用量均对共混物硫化胶的力学性能有影响;通过对废胶粉的改性,可以大大提高废胶粉/NR共混物硫化胶的力学性能,当改性剂间苯二酚和六次甲基四胺质量比为1/0.5时,胶料力学性能最佳,其拉伸强度达到17.03MPa。     

酒精废液清洁处理技术评析

通过系统介绍国内外糖蜜酒精废液的处理技术和工艺,对排灌法、浓缩焚烧法、生物氧化法和活性腐植酸法等糖蜜酒精废液处理方法的优缺点进行分析对比,推荐了适合我国区域经济发展的活性腐植酸法。     

土豆淀粉废水发酵普鲁兰多糖的研究

普鲁兰多糖是一种具有重要应用价值的微生物胞外多糖。淀粉废水是加工淀粉过程中不可避免的一种产物,成份复杂,营养丰富。利用淀粉废水作为碳源制得普鲁兰多糖,不仅使多糖的生产成本降低,变废为宝,还会减少环境污染。本文通过比较实验获得用土豆淀粉废水(potato starch waste)制多糖产率高于其它碳源,并且确定最佳发酵培养基为(%):土豆淀粉废水10,KH2PO40.6 NaCL0.2(NH4)2SO40.08。