Factors associated with mortality of the overwintering generation of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sesamia nonagrioides</Emphasis> under field conditions

Factors affecting overwintering mortality in the Mediterranean corn stalk borer,Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were investigated under field conditions in the southeast Mediterranean region of Turkey. During two consecutive years larvae and pupae were sampled from December to April in maize plots sown on three different dates. Field-collected larvae and pupae were reared and the emerged parasitoids were recorded. An effect of sowing date on total numbers ofS. nonagrioides was found with reduced populations in the early sown plots. Larval parasitism did not significantly affect overwintering mortality.Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) caused 11% parasitism and was found only in the first year of the study. Pupal parasitoids were predominantlyIchneumon sarcitorius caucasicus Meyer,Barichneumon sp. andPimpla spuria Gravenhorst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and the parasitism level was 11% in both years of the study.     

松突圆蚧寄生蜂室内大量繁殖和林间释放研究

松突圆蚧寄生蜂的繁殖和利用是防治该虫的重要手段之一。在室内用马铃薯、南瓜和柠檬等果实饲养茶钹盾蚧、夹竹桃蚧和红圆蚧虫作寄主，大量繁殖林间优势种长缨盾蚧丽蚜小蜂、爱友丽蚜小蜂和范氏黄小蜂，以及从日本引进的匀鞭蚜小蜂，均能在提供的寄主和条件下寄生、发育和繁殖。     

广东橘小实蝇寄生蜂调查

本文记述广东省橘小实蝇的寄生蜂4科8种,包括茧蜂科Braconidae的阿费氏茧蜂Fopius arisanus(Sonan,1932)、凡氏费氏茧蜂Fopius vandenboschi(Fullaway,1952)、长尾全裂茧蜂Diachasmimorpha longicaudata(Ashmead,1905)和弗氏短背茧蜂Pasyttalia fletcheri(Silvestri,1916)、姬小峰科Eulophidae的印啮小蜂Aceratoneuromyia indica(Silvestri,1910)、小蜂科Chalcididae的吉氏角头小蜂Dirhinus giffardii(Silvestri,1914)和匙胸瘿蜂科Eucoilidae的柔匙胸瘿蜂属Aganaspis sp.1和Aganaspis sp.2。     

灰斑古毒蛾寄生性天敌昆虫的调查

灰斑古毒蛾(Orgyia ericae),又名沙枣毒蛾,隶属鳞翅目(Lepidiptera),毒蛾科(Lymantfiidae).分布于我国黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、山东等地,国外分布于前苏联、欧洲.     

Ecological mechanisms and prospects for utilization of toxins from parasitic hymenopterans

Insects in the order Hymenoptera defend themselves, attack prey and regulate hosts using toxins that are effective in small quantities. In this study, advances in the researches on parasitic hymenopteran toxins are summarized in terms of the production, categories, components, properties, ecological functions and mechanisms. The glands that produce venoms derive from the ectoderm tissue and evolve from the accessory glands of the reproductive system. Venoms are excreted by the poison gland or acid gland of mature female wasps and stored in reservoirs. The components of insect toxins are very complicated, and hymenopteran venoms contain alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, organic acids, esters, lactones, proteins, polypeptides, enzymes, amines and other compounds. Toxins of parasitic hymenoptera play an important adaptive role. They can increase the probability of successful oviposition by paralyzing hosts, enhancing offspring survival by inhibiting host development and immunoreaction, and improving the nutrition available for their progeny by disturbing the hosts’ physiological response. Venoms of the ectoparasitoids often lead to arrested development, permanent paralysis and even death of hosts. These toxins are usually broad-spectrum and act on the central nervous system or at the neuro-muscular junction. While most endoparasitoids are koinobionts, these parasitoids can regulate the physiology and development of the hosts, but no longer paralyze the hosts permanently. Also, they kill the hosts in a concealed but safe position after the hosts cocoon or build their pupal cells. Venoms of koinobiont parasitoids can contain polydnaviruses (PDV) that regulate the growth and development of the hosts by inhibiting the immune system and influencing the metamorphosis of hosts. Thus, PDVs are commensal and mutualistic, but non-pathogenic, with parasitoids at the molecular level. Promising prospects for the utilization of insect toxins, especially as medicines or specific bioinsecticides, are discussed. Because insect toxins are mixtures of complex ingredients and are usually produced in small quantities, isolation and purification of all the ingredients with bioactivity are needed for biochemical and toxicological research and for practical application. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(4): 1251–1260 [译自: 生态学报]     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

广东美洲斑潜蝇寄生蜂常见种类鉴别

本文记述了采自广东的美洲斑潜寄生蜂７种,包括茧蜂科Ｂｒａｃｏｎｉｄｅ的甘蓝斑潜蝇茧蜂Ｏｐｉｕｓ ｄｉｍｉｄｉａｔｕｓ（Ａｓｈｍｅａｄ）和离潜蝇茧蜂Ｏｐｉｕｓ ｄｉｓｓｉｔｕｓ Ｍｕｅｓｅｂｅｃｋ,以及姬小蜂科Ｅｕｌｏｐｈｉｄａｅ的异角亨姬小蜂Ｈｅｍｉｐｔａｒｓｅｎｕｓ ｖａｒｉｃｏｒｎｉｓ,黄潜蝇釉姬小蜂Ｃｈｒｙｓｏｃｈａｒｉｓ ｏｓｃｉｎｉｄｉｓ Ａｓｈｍｅａｄ,底比斯釉姬小蜂Ｃｈｒｙｓｏｃｈａ     

转双价基因棉对棉田主要寄生性天敌生长发育的影响

研究了转双价基因棉对棉田主要寄生性天敌棉蚜茧蜂、棉铃虫寄生蜂侧沟茧蜂和齿唇姬蜂生长发育的影响。结果表明 :从转双价基因棉田、Bt棉田和常规棉田采集的棉蚜僵蚜的羽化率三者间均无明显差异 ,转双价基因棉田和Bt棉田棉蚜茧蜂的蜂重差异达显著水平 ,与常规棉田相比均无明显差异 ;常规棉田的棉蚜茧蜂寄生取食转双价基因棉、Bt棉和常规棉的棉蚜后的蜂羽化率、出蜂时间及蜂重均没有明显差异 ,在寄生数量上除Bt棉与常规棉处理差异达显著水平外 ,其它处理间差异不明显 ;转双价基因棉田的棉蚜茧蜂对取食转双价基因棉的棉蚜的寄生率有所下降 ,但棉蚜茧蜂的羽化率却明显提高 ,说明转双价基因棉对棉蚜茧蜂的寄生力影响不大。转双价基因棉和Bt棉均严重影响侧沟茧蜂和齿唇姬蜂的寄生率、羽化率、茧重和蜂重 ,但转双价基因棉的影响比Bt棉小