猕猴桃低乙烯气调库的性能和贮藏效果

介绍了猕猴桃低乙烯气调库。测定了库体的性能,研究了贮藏方式对猕猴桃贮藏性状的影响。结果表明：库体密封性能达良好级,乙烯浓度脱至０．０２μＬ／Ｌ以下;低乙烯气调可延缓果实后熟软化。在两年１８００００ｋｇ果实商业贮藏中,果实贮期可达１８０天以上,果肉硬度为６．８ｋｇ／ｃｍ^２,好果率大于９８％,货架期大于１５天。低乙烯气调是猕猴桃的最佳贮藏方式     

台州猕猴桃溃疡病病原菌分子鉴定及药剂筛选

为了针对性地防治猕猴桃细菌性溃疡病,采用平板涂布分离法从台州主要猕猴桃种植果园分离到1株丁香假单胞猕猴桃致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidae,Psa)。用生物型(biovar)特异性引物检测发现,试验分离到的Psa菌株是biovar 3型。通过抑菌圈大小比较,对23种农用杀菌剂进行了筛选。结果表明,不同农用杀菌剂对Psa菌株的抑菌效果相差很大,且以四环素、乙蒜素和丁子香酚的抑菌效果较好(抑菌圈直径≥15 mm)。此外,用最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和时间-杀菌试验研究了纳米氧化锌对Psa菌株的杀菌效果。结果显示,纳米氧化锌的MIC值为50 μg·mL^-1,且杀菌效果随纳米氧化锌的浓度和作用时间的增加而增强。     

四川猕猴桃产业竞争力分析及可持续发展战略研判

猕猴桃是四川省优势特色产业之一,新形势下面临产业盲目扩张、产品结构性过剩、国际贸易壁垒等问题和挑战。应用综合优势比较模型,分析比较四川、陕西、贵州、湖南、湖北、河南等猕猴桃主产省的效率优势指数(EAI)、规模优势指数(SAI)、综合比较优势指数(AAI)。结果表明,近年来四川省猕猴桃EAI、SAI、AAI平均指数分别为0.88、3.32、1.67,并呈上升趋势;结合AHP-SWOT模型解析四川猕猴桃产业的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战,各要素对战略选择影响力由强到弱依次为红肉品种优势、产业规模优势、国内外消费空间、“中新联合实验室”建设（有利于猕猴桃国际化）、种质资源丰富、消费多元化与网络化、猕猴桃产能结构性过剩、溃疡病影响、产品国际竞争力不强、盲目扩张、加工与品牌营销较弱;构建产业发展战略四边形,战略类型方位变量tanθ=0.3281,应采取“开拓战略区实力型方位域”的发展战略。建议明确产业适宜范围,突出地方特色;加强科技协同创新,提升国际竞争力;优化产业结构,积极应对溃疡病。     

海沃德猕猴桃货架期预测模型的建立

为建立海沃德猕猴桃货架期品质变化动力学模型,以实现对海沃德猕猴桃货架期的预测。本试验将经0.5 μL·L^-1 1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理(处理组)与不处理(对照组)的猕猴桃于0、4、15、25℃条件下贮藏,测定其硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、Vc含量;并基于Arrhenius理论建立货架期预测模型,选取20℃样本对该模型进行验证。结果表明,1-MCP对试验设置温度条件下贮藏的海沃德猕猴桃硬度、可滴定酸含量和Vc含量的降低以及可溶性固形物含量的升高均有一定的延缓作用;同时对其硬度和Vc含量变化情况进行拟合,比较拟合后的反应速率常数k,发现温度越高Vc含量和硬度变化越快。比较零级反应和一级反应线性回归决定系数R²可知,对照组和处理组Vc含量变化动力学方程遵循一级反应动力学,对照组R²≥0.97,处理组R²≥0.94;对照组和处理组硬度含量变化动力学方程遵循零级反应动力学,对照组R²≥0.96,处理组R²≥0.92。对照组硬度下降及Vc含量下降的lnk和1/T的R²>0.98,处理组硬度下降及Vc含量下降的lnk和1/T的R²>0.89。将预测值和实测值进行比较,结果显示,对照组猕猴桃货架期预测值和实测值相对误差均在±10%以内。综上表明,用硬度变化预测猕猴桃货架期,操作简单,相对误差较低。本研究结果在猕猴桃贮藏、销售中具有较好的应用价值。     

A PCR diagnostic assay for rapid detection of plant pathogenic pseudomonads

Molecular detection of phytopathogens is increasingly being applied to identify regulated organisms at the border in many parts of the world. However, even with molecular tests, complete phenotyping and identification of a strain is often time consuming and sometimes inconclusive. In this study, a leaf-based pathogenicity test was used to separate pseudomonads into two groups, Group A containing pathogens, and Group B containing saprotrophs. Comparative genomics of 56 pseudomonad genomes from different plant hosts (including 29 strains from kiwifruit) agreed with kiwifruit pathogenicity test results, placing pathogens into Group A and saprotrophs into Group B. Sixteen loci were found unique to Group A. A PCR assay was developed for amplification of one of these loci, the trehalose phosphatase gene. The generation of this 655 bp amplicon was associated with production of water-soaked lesions on inoculated kiwifruit leaves by pseudomonads in Group A. This test was validated for further strains from all seven pathogenic Pseudomonas phylogroups, non-pathogenic pseudomonads, and other bacterial genera. The sensitivity of the PCR was comparable to the limit of recovery of pseudomonads by culturing. This simple PCR assay could be used as part of a testing pipeline at the border and for general surveillance for screening plants with and without symptoms, offering the potential to detect uncharacterized pseudomonads that may pose a biosecurity risk. The method was shown to be able to rapidly identify pathogens cultured from plant material with symptoms, or, more importantly, to detect pathogens directly from plant tissue.     

陕西秦岭北麓猕猴桃主产区水质动态变化研究

为探究陕西秦岭北麓地区集约化猕猴桃生产对地表水及地下水水质的影响，在每月中旬定点监测了2019年度眉县主产区不同土地利用方式（居民区、果园区和自然植被区）下24个地下水（潜水和深水各12个）及8个地表水硝酸盐含量、电导率（EC）及盐基离子含量等。结果表明：自然植被区地表水硝酸盐含量变化平稳，未发现硝酸盐超标现象；而猕猴桃集中产区地下水及地表水硝酸盐超标严重，地表水超标率[>10 mg N·L^-1，《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838—2002）]为31.82%，潜水位地下水超标率[>10 mg N·L^-1，《地下水质量标准》（GB/T 14848—2017）]为93.27%，深水位地下水超标率（>10 mg N·L^-1，GB/T 14848—2017）为57.41%。地下水及地表水硝酸盐含量变化与眉县施肥时期变化趋势基本一致，峰值主要出现在6月及11月施肥时期；9月潜水位地下水硝酸盐有明显下降，这与9月长时间的高降雨量有关。猕猴桃集中区地表水及地下水EC、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺及Cl^-等离子含量相比居民区与自然植被区也显著增加，其中水体EC与NO₃^-、Cl^-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺等离子含量间呈显著的正相关关系。研究表明，秦岭北麓猕猴桃产业的发展显著增加了地表水的硝酸盐含量，导致当地水质恶化。     

Occurrence and molecular characterization of Actinidia virus C (AcVC), a novel vitivirus infecting kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) in China

Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) is an economically important fruit crop in the world. China is the largest producer of kiwifruit in terms of both acreage and yield. In this study, a novel virus, tentatively named Actinidia virus C (AcVC), was discovered in Actinidia deliciosa ‘Xuxiang’ grown in commercial kiwifruit fields in the Shaanxi province, a major kiwifruit-growing region in China. Sequencing of the complete genome showed that AcVC has 7,668 nucleotides (not including the poly-(A) sequence). Complete genome comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed that AcVC is most closely related to AcVA and then to AcVB. AcVC shares 69.2% nucleotide identity with AcVA (GenBank accession number JN427014 ). Based on these data, Actinidia virus C is assigned as a new tentative member of the genus Vitivirus in the family Betaflexiviridae. AcVC was found to infect A. deliciosa and A. chinesis, the two major cultivated kiwifruits. Infection frequency of AcVC varied with the kiwifruit-growing regions and cultivars in the Shaanxi province of China.     

四川省丁香假单胞猕猴桃致病变种的遗传多样性分析

为明确四川省猕猴桃溃疡病菌丁香假单胞菌猕猴桃致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae,Psa)的遗传多样性及群组划分与地理来源的相关性。以四川省不同地理来源的40个Psa菌株为研究试材,用rep-PCR技术进行分子标记,NTSYS软件分析UPGMA聚类。3对rep-PCR检测引物(REP、ERIC和BOX)共获得42个位点,其中38个为多态位点,占90.5%。UPGMA聚类结果显示,以相似系数为0.70阀值时,40个Psa菌株被分为2个类群(Ⅰ、Ⅱ),其中85.0%的菌株属于第Ⅱ类群;在相似性系数为0.80时,第Ⅰ类又可分为2个亚类(Ⅰ-1、Ⅰ-2),第Ⅱ类则分为5个亚类(Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-3、Ⅱ-4、Ⅱ-5),菌株无明显的采集地聚类。以上结果表明,四川省各地区的猕猴桃溃疡病菌菌株具有较高的遗传多样性,但其遗传变异与菌株地理来源无明显相关性。     

Predicting the potential distribution of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in China using ensemble models

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is a causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker worldwide, which has affected kiwifruit vines in China since 1996 and has subsequently spread to the main cultivation areas. Based on occurrence of Psa and pseudo-absences randomly generated in China, the consensus-based modelling technique was used to estimate the spatial spread of Psa epidemics within China. Environmental variables that related to Psa development were identified, and their contributions to Psa development were evaluated. Three modelling algorithms, namely generalized boosting models (GBM), random forests (RF) and classification tree analysis (CTA) within the BIOMOD2 framework, were employed to construct the model. The ensemble models weighted by the true skill statistic (TSS) value were used to predict the current habitat suitability of Psa, and were projected using the four general circulation models (GCMs) to assess range shifts under two types of representative concentration pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) by 2050. The results indicated that precipitation in March and mean temperature of warmest quarter were the most important limiting factors for distribution of Psa. The predictive accuracy of the ensemble model showed acceptable predictive powers (TSS = 0.852). Under future climate conditions, substantial net loss of suitability for Psa was estimated to be 3.03–12.5% under RCP 4.5 (except one GCM), and 2.46–9.89% under RCP 8.5. Shrinkage of suitable habitats was detected mainly in the areas currently infected by Psa. Special attention should be given to recent infectious regions in south and southwest China, considering the locally expanding kiwifruit commercial plantations.     

猕猴桃种子萌发特性研究

用物理和化学方法处理猕猴桃种子,研究其种子萌发特性。结果表明:用5~20℃变温处理比0~15℃变温处理种子萌发早,在处理后第18天开始萌发,第25天接近最大值,低变温处理在第37天开始萌发,第60天接近最大值;在猕猴桃种子适宜萌发的条件下,用赤霉素处理的种子发芽势和发芽率明显高于对照,尤其是发芽势明显增强,平均发芽数在播后第20天(发芽势记载日期)比对照高38.3%~80.1%,在播后第19天高67.2%~140.4%,同时萌发的时间缩短,比对照早2~4 d;不同浓度处理之间的发芽率随着浓度的增加也有增效作用,浓度越大,发芽率越高,在播后第19天的发芽率在39.3%~56.5%之间,第24天的发芽率在94.3%~99%之间。