Production and quality of senesced and green litterfall in a pine–oak forest in central-northwest Mexico

Litterfall is an important ecological process in forest ecosystems, influencing the transfer of organic matter, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and other nutrients from vegetation to the soil. We examined the production of different litterfall fractions as well as nutrient content and nutrient inputs by senesced and green leaf-litter in a semiarid forest from central Mexico. From September 2006 to August 2007, monthly litter sampling was carried out in monospecific and mixed stands of Quercus potosina and Pinus cembroides. Litterfall displayed a marked bimodal pattern with the largest annual amount (5993 ± 655 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) recorded in mixed stands, followed by Q. potosina (4869 ± 510 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), and P. cembroides (3023 ± 337 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Leaves constituted the largest fraction of total litterfall reaching almost 60%, while small branches contributed with 20–30%. Overall, N content in leaf-litter was higher while lignin content was significantly lower for Q. potosina than for P. cembroides. Thus, greater litter quality together with higher litter production caused the largest C, N and P inputs to forest soils to occur in monospecific Q. potosina stands. Green leaf fall displayed significantly lower lignin:N and C:N ratios in Q. potosina than P. cembroides suggesting faster decomposition and nutrient return rates by the former. Although we recorded only two green leaf fall events, they accounted for 18% and 11% of the total N and P input, respectively, from leaf-litter during the study period. Apart, from the large spatiotemporal heterogeneity introduced by differences in litter quantity and quality of evergreen, deciduous and mixed stands, green litterfall appears to represent a much more important mechanism of nutrient input to semiarid forest ecosystems than previously considered.     

Canopy vs. understory: Does tree diversity affect bee and wasp communities and their natural enemies across forest strata?

Bees and wasps provide important ecosystem services such as pollination and biocontrol in crop-dominated landscapes, but surprisingly little information is available on hymenopteran communities in temperate forest ecosystems. Species richness and abundance of bees and wasps can be hypothesised to increase with plant diversity, structural complexity, and availability of food and nesting resources. By experimentally exposing standardised nesting sites, we examined abundance and species richness of cavity-nesting bees (pollinators), wasps (predators) and their associated parasitoids across a tree diversity gradient in a temperate deciduous forest habitat. In addition, spatial distribution of individuals and species across forest strata (canopy vs. understory) was tested. Abundance and species richness was high for predatory wasps, but generally low for pollinators. Species-rich forest stands supported increased abundance, but not species richness, of pollinators and predatory wasps, and also increased abundance and species richness of natural enemies. In addition, the forests showed a distinct spatial stratification in that abundance of bees, wasps and parasitoids as well as parasitism rates were higher in the canopy than understory. We conclude that particularly the canopy in temperate forest stands can serve as an important habitat for predatory wasp species and natural enemies, but not bee pollinators. Enhanced tree diversity was related to increased hymenopteran abundance, which is likely to be linked to an increase in nesting and food resources in mixed forest stands.     

Nearby rainforest promotes coffee pollination by increasing spatio-temporal stability in bee species richness

Natural tropical forests are highly diverse and are known to contribute to forest-based services such as pollination of nearby crops. Landscape changes cause spatial and temporal bee community changes, but consequences how the community changes affect pollination is not well analyzed. This paper addresses the effects of rainforest distance and on site flower resources in agro-forests on spatial and temporal variation in pollinator communities and the consequences for coffee pollination.     

粤西桉树人工林土壤水分空间异质性分析

依据2 hm~2样方的调查数据,结合经典统计学与地统计学方法对广东省肇庆市三叉顶自然保护区桉树人工林土壤水分的空间异质性进行了研究.结果表明,随着林龄的增长,土壤水分含量有增加的趋势;不同林龄桉树林不同土层水分含量差异明显(P＜0.05).1年生桉树林0～25,25～50 cm层土壤水分变异函数的最佳拟合模型均为指数模型,3年生桉树林各层土壤水分变异函数的最佳拟合模型均为球状模型.空间自相关分析表明,同林龄桉树林各层土壤水分均具有强烈的空间自相关性.且自相关部分的空间变异性在总的空间变异性中占主要部分.同林龄桉树林在不同土层土壤水分具有相似的空间自相关变化趋势,不同林龄桉树林相同土层土壤水分的空间自相关变化趋势差异明显.Kriging插值分析显示.1年生桉树林各层土壤水分空间变异性小,空间依赖性小,破碎化程度相对较高.3年生桉树林各层土壤水分空间变异性大,空间依赖性相对较高,破碎化程度较低.     

近天然落叶松云冷杉林土壤养分特征

研究了吉林省汪清林业局近天然落叶松云冷杉林不同土层(0＜土壤深度h≤20cm、20cm＜h≤40cm和40cm＜h≤60cm)的土壤养分状况及间伐强度对其的影响.结果表明:研究区0＜h≤20cm土层的土壤养分含量丰富.随着土壤深度的增加,土壤养分质量分数降低,在不同土层间差异均达极显著水平(P<0.01);在垂直剖面上,土壤养分变异系数均有不同程度的差异,其中0＜h≤20cm土层土壤有效P质量分数的变异系数最大,达到79.0%;土壤有机质、全N、碱解N的表聚系数较大,而全P、全K和速效K的表聚系数较小;不同间伐强度下,土壤养分的表聚系数也存在差异,且以中度间伐的表聚系数最大,说明40%以下的间伐强度,20a后没有引起土壤养分质量分数的显著变化,可见,间伐对土壤养分的长期效应不显著.     

基于ETM＋影像的深圳城市绿地空间异质性研究

[目的]探讨不同绿地类型的空间异质性对其相应的生态效果及功能的影响。[方法]利用ETM＋影像将城市绿地划分为公园绿地、附属绿地和其他绿地3种类型,利用地统计学的原理方法对其空间异质性进行了分析。[结果]不同绿地类型的空间异质性存在较大差异,空间异质性尺度具有“附属绿地＜其他绿地＜公园绿地”的规律。[结论]说明了不同绿地类型对生态功能和过程起作用的尺度是不同的;同时也说明半方差函数图的形状与地物的空间范围、大小及变化等都有关;但在不同方向上的半方差函数差异不显著,近似或趋于各向同性。     

小兴安岭针阔混交林择伐6a后林地土壤呼吸速率空间变异性

利用土壤CO2排放通量全自动测量系统LI-8100,测定了黑龙江省带岭林业局东方红林场不同采伐强度林地的土壤呼吸速率、土壤分室呼吸速率以及土壤表层下10 cm处的温度和湿度,进而研究了择伐作业后林地土壤呼吸速率空间变异性及影响因素.结果表明:伐后6 a,林地土壤呼吸空间变异性显著,但与采伐强度无显著相关性,影响样方间林...     

荒漠绿洲的土壤异质性分析——以银川平原为例

以银川平原为例,分析了荒漠绿洲主要土壤类型即淡灰钙土、灌淤土、风沙土、潮土的地带性分布、机械组成及分维数、肥力特征等异质性表现。各土壤类型的平均分形维数大小顺序是:灌淤土>潮土>淡灰钙土>风沙土;分维数的大小确切地反映了银川平原主要土壤的组成和质地。0-80cm范围内各土壤类型的垂直分维特征表现为:淡灰钙土和风沙土随着土壤深度增加,分维值也随之变大;潮土分维值的垂直分异则表现为0-40cm的分维值较高,土壤深度>40cm后分维值随之下降;灌淤土质地均匀一致,分维值变化很小。灌淤土和潮土的全N含量明显高于淡灰钙土和风沙土,除风沙土外,其它3种土壤类型的全P含量相差不大,荒漠土壤的全K含量都比较高。除风沙土,灌淤土、潮土、淡灰钙土的土壤有机质含量从表层向下基本上呈下降趋势,而且灌淤土和潮土的土层厚。主要土壤类型的形成和发育之间存在着一定的联系。最后针对土壤的异质性特点,提出土地利用的分区建议。     

盐生植物种子异型性研究进展

种子异型性指植物在长期进化中,同一植株上产生多种在形态(颜色、质量)和结构(散布结构)及萌发、休眠特性等方面存在明显差异的种子.种子异型性现象在盐生植物中较为常见,多分为褐色和黑色种子,通常前者不休眠,萌发快,萌发率高,耐盐性强:后者休眠,萌发慢,萌发率低,耐盐性弱.盐生植物种子异型性是其对环境适应的重要特性,同时对种群的建立和繁衍有着重要的生态学意义.基于前人的研究对盐生植物异型性种子的形态结构及萌发、耐盐与休眠、产生机制及生态学意义等方面进行了综合论述,以期为相关研究提供参考.     

准噶尔盆地腹部石西地区八道湾组油气潜力分析

石西地区八道湾组已对12口井、21个层位进行了试油,在射孔井段较大的条件下,各井段产液量普遍极低,且无一口井获得工业油气流。在老井油层复查中,共发现6口井有油层,但都位于圈闭边缘或圈闭外。对石西地区八道湾组进行了孔隙度和渗透率分析,结果表明八道湾组属于低孔特低渗至特低孔超低渗储层,具有较强的非均质性,导致油气在储层内的侧向运移不通畅。