Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) improvement in sub-Saharan Africa: a review

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a multi-purpose legume crop widely cultivated in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, yield levels of the crop has remained relatively low in SSA owing to a range of biotic, abiotic and socio-economic constraints. A dedicated groundnut improvement programme integrating new tools and methodologies to breed varieties suitable for current and emerging agro-ecologies and market needs is essential for enhanced and sustainable groundnut production in SSA. The objective of this review is to highlight breeding progress, opportunities and challenges on groundnut improvement with regard to cultivar development and deployment in SSA in order to guide future improvement of the crop. The review analysed the role of new tools in breeding such as, high-throughput and automated phenotyping techniques, rapid generation advancement, single seed descent approach, marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, next-generation sequencing, genetic engineering and genome editing for accelerated breeding and cultivar development of groundnut.     

AFB1 Bio-Degradation by a New Strain - Stenotrophomonas. sp

The paper was to find the bacteria to degrade aflatoxin B 1 （AFB 1） and realize the application of biological degradation on AFB 1. Using cumarin as the carbon source and energy on the first screening, then the ten strains which were first screened out were taken to degrade AFB 1 100 pg kg^-1. Strain NMO-3 was screened out of ten strains, the degradation ratio of AFB 1 reached 85.7%, which was more prominent than the others （P 〈 0.01）. With the analysis of colony morphology, physiological and biochemistry experiments, and 16S rDNA gene sequence, the strain NMO-3 was finally identified as Stenotrophomonas sp. Using cumarin as the carbon source and energy could screen out the AFB 1 degradation strains. Acute toxicity tests show that the viable number of NMO-3 lower than 3.12 × 10^10 cfu mL-1 is safety. The crude enzyme was obtained by 65% ammonium sulfate fractionation, and it could degrade AFB1. It is the first report for the strain＇s detoxi- AFB1.     

玉米中黄曲霉毒素提取方法的评价

用多种溶剂与玉米的不同比例对玉米中黄曲霉毒素 Ｂ１ 的提取效率进行评价。结果发现,用６０ ％ 甲醇水溶液为提取剂,与样品比例为６ ：１（ ｍｌ／ｇ） ;８０ ％ 丙酮水溶液,与样品比例为５ ：１ ,６ ：１（ ｍｌ／ｇ） 及９０ ％ 乙腈水溶液,与样品比例为４ ：１（ ｍｌ／ｇ） 的提取效果较好。     

ELISA法检测花生酱中AFB1样品前处理方法的改进研究

通过ELISA法,对检测花生酱中AFB1含量的前处理方法进行了改进研究。通过对样品提取条件的优化,提取液稀释度的改变,建立了新的前处理方法,并利用回收率的测定与国标法进行比较。结果表明：利用改进的提取方法处理花生酱样品,对常见浓度加标回收率达75％～120％。新的提取方法不仅简化了操作步骤,减少了工作量,又提高了回收率。     

Pathological studies in broiler chicks fed aflatoxin or ochratoxin and inoculated with inclusion body hepatitis virus singly and in concurrence

Day-old broiler chicks found negative for maternal antibodies against inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) virus by agar gel precipitation test and viral antigen in cloacal swabs by dot enzyme immunoassay were divided into 6 groups of 20 chicks each. Group A was fed aflatoxin B₁ at 1.25 ppm from 3 to 38 days of age; group O was fed ochratoxin A at 0.5 ppm from 3 to 38 days of age; group V was inoculated with 1 ml of IBH virus of titre log₁₀ 6.5 EID₅₀ per 0.2 ml. Groups AV and OV were given aflatoxin B₁ and ochratoxin A, respectively, and also infected with the virus. Group C served as control. There was mild enlargement and paleness of the liver up to 18 days post inoculation in group V; there were no lesions in group A; and there was gradual enlargement of the kidneys from 10 days post feeding of mycotoxin onwards in group O. In the combined groups AV and OV the gross lesions were slightly more severe. In group V, varying degrees of degenerative histopathological changes, congestion and haemorrhages were seen particularly in the liver, followed by the kidneys, bursa, spleen, myocardium and lungs, along with intranuclear inclusion bodies in the hepatocytes, mostly in the early stages of infection. Similar microscopic changes, but without inclusion bodies, were seen in groups A and O and the changes were pronounced in the later stages. In group O, the kidney lesions were more pronounced than the liver lesions. In the concurrently infected groups, AV and OV, the changes were similar but slightly more marked than in the corresponding individual groups. Inclusion bodies in hepatocytes were more frequent, more prominent and appeared earlier in the concurrent groups.Abbreviations AGPT agar gel precipitation test - DPF days post feeding of the mycotoxin - DPI days post inoculation - EIA enzyme immunoassay - EID₅₀ dose at which 50% of embryos will be infected - IBH inclusion body hepatitis - PAU Punjab Agricultural University     

微波辅助酶法制备米糠蛋白工艺对黄曲霉毒素B_1脱除及酶解效果的影响

以受黄曲霉毒素B_1(aflatoxin B_1,AFB_1)污染的米糠为原料,研究微波辅助酶法对米糠中AFB_1脱除效果的影响。初始米糠中AFB_1浓度为102.54μg/kg,以料液比(g∶m L)1∶10、加酶量0.50%、α-淀粉酶和纤维素酶酶解液pH6.0、温度50℃、处理时间2 h的工艺条件制备米糠蛋白。结果表明,米糠中AFB_1残留浓度为56.03μg/kg(脱除率为45.36%),米糠中蛋白质回收率为78.20%;基于该工艺研究,在单位体积微波功率750 W和处理时间10 min的条件下,由酶法提取的米糠蛋白制品中AFB_1残留浓度为4.21μg/kg(脱除率为92.48%),符合国家标准(≤10μg/kg),而蛋白质回收率达到81.36%。本研究采用免疫亲和柱净化结合HPLC-FLD检测法,提高AFB_1的检出限至0.10μg/kg。微波处理不仅对米糠蛋白中AFB_1有明显的脱除效果,且有利于蛋白回收率的提高。该法操作简单,脱除效率高,可应用于受黄曲霉毒素污染的米糠制品中。     

闽南地区食源性动物组织中黄曲霉毒素B_1残留量调查研究

应用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)技术对闽南地区食源性动物的鸡、鸭、猪肝脏和肌肉组织以及国外进口猪肌肉组织中的黄曲霉毒素B_1(AFB_1)残留量进行抽样检测。结果显示猪肉猪肝黄曲霉毒素B_1检出率100%,鸡肝65%、鸭肝75%,但都末超过限量标率;猪肝中AFB_1含量最高,显著高于猪肌肉和鸡、鸭肝中AFB_1含量(P0.01);而鸡、鸭肝中的AFB1含量无显著性差异(P0.05);此外,国外进口猪肉中AFB1虽未超标,但也存在AFB_1污染问题。调查结果表明,食源性动物组织中黄曲霉毒素B1残留问题普遍存在。     

Aflatoxin Decontamination of Artificially Contaminated Feeds by Sunlight, γ-Radiation,and Microwave Heating

The efficiency of decontamination of aflatoxin residues in poultry feeds through exposure to sunlight (solar radiation), γ-radiation (⁶⁰ Co), and microwave heating were investigated in artificially contaminated feed samples. Photodegradation of aflatoxin by sunlight has been found to cause a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in both B1 and the total aflatoxins. Moreover, the degrees of aflatoxins were dependent on exposure time. Both aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxins were decreased when feed samples exposed to sunlight by 42.3, 39.9, 75.5, and 65.9% for 3 and 30 h of direct sunlight of the treatment T1, whereas feed samples subjected to γ-irradiation and microwave heating caused a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in aflatoxin B1 contents by 42.7 and 32.3% for γ-irradiation and microwave heating (T3 of 25 kGy and 10 min of microwave heating), respectively. Therefore, the solar radiation was more effective in aflatoxin B1 reduction when compared with γ-irradiation and microwave heating.     

襄阳市主要花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌分布及产毒力研究

为掌握襄阳市主要花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌的分布和产毒特征,从襄阳市主要花生种植区采集土壤样品36份,进行黄曲霉菌分离、鉴定和产毒力研究。结果表明,襄阳市不同花生种植区土壤中黄曲霉菌落数平均为5997.6 cfu/g,且分布存在显著差异,菌落数由高到低依次为襄州、枣阳、宜城、谷城;鉴定获得黄曲霉菌株中产毒菌株占63.6%,产毒量范围 ND~304.9 μg/L,不产毒菌株占36.4%;产毒菌株可分为7种产毒类型组合,其中同时产AFB₁、AFB₂和AFG₁三种类型的黄曲霉菌占比最多,为54.0%。在适宜培养条件下,产毒力分析结果为襄州地区每克土壤中黄曲霉菌产AFT的理论值最高,可达2080.0×10³ μg/L,且其中分离出的菌株平均产毒量最高,为218.7 μg/L。可以看出襄阳市花生代表性产区土壤中黄曲霉菌分布数量显著高于我国南、北方花生主产区的平均水平,但其菌株的平均产毒能力却远低于全国其它地区。本研究初步得出了襄阳市花生主产区黄曲霉菌的分布特征和产毒特征,可为襄阳市花生黄曲霉毒素防控提供理论依据。     

饲料中高浓度黄曲霉毒素B_1在凡纳滨对虾幼虾体内的残留及其影响

为了考察饲料中高浓度黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)对凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei幼虾肝胰腺的影响,在水温为(28.06±0.09)℃的条件下,给体质量为(0.30±0.02)g的凡纳滨对虾幼虾投喂每千克饲料中含黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)为1600μg的饲料,对照组饲喂正常配合饲料,每组设3个平行,饲喂8周后取样,测定AFB1及其代谢产物黄曲霉毒素M1(AFM1)在幼虾肝胰腺、肠道、肌肉中的残留量,以及肝胰腺和血淋巴中的生化指标,并观察肝小管的显微结构。结果表明:幼虾持续8周摄入含高浓度AFB1的饲料时,肝胰腺中AFB1的残留量(2.11μg/kg)高于肠道残留量(0.11μg/kg),肌肉中未检测到残留量;同样,肝胰腺中AFM1的残留量(0.32μg/kg)高于肠道残留量(0.05μg/kg),肌肉中未检测到残留量;试验组幼虾肝胰腺中丙二醛(MDA)含量(62.60 nmol/mg)显著高于对照组(21.38 nmol/mg)(P0.05),但两组血淋巴中MDA含量无显著性差异(P0.05);试验组幼虾肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(26.25 U/mg)显著低于对照组(36.70 U/mg)(P0.05),但两组血淋巴中SOD活性无显著性差异(P0.05);对照组幼虾肝胰腺中活性氧(ROS)含量显著高于试验组(P0.05);试验组幼虾血淋巴中酚氧化酶(PO)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。从切片显微结构观察可见,幼虾肝胰腺细胞受到损伤,损伤规律为近消化道损伤严重,逐渐向肝胰腺边缘扩散,表现为肝胰腺细胞紧缩,出现空泡区,食道周围肝细胞消失,严重的仅残留肝小管,甚至肝小管消失。研究表明,长时间投喂含有高浓度AFB1的饲料,凡纳滨对虾幼虾的肝胰腺受损且某些代谢生化指标受到不同程度的影响,同时在肝胰腺和肠道有黄曲霉毒素残留。