农民企业家成功因素研究——基于40位农民企业家案例的内容分析

通过对报道农民企业家的案例进行分析,揭示了农民企业家取得成功的关键因素,在此基础上提出了农民企业家成长与培养的路径,即解决文化水平低的瓶颈、转变相对滞后的管理模式、扭转资金短缺和融资不畅的困境。     

农民工创业法律风险的表现、成因及防范对策研究

指出农民工创业可能存在如财政税收、合同、劳动用工等法律风险,分析了创业风险可能源于创业者自身法律风险意识不强等内因和政府保障不足等外因,最后提出了可通过建构提升农民工创业者及其员工法律风险意识、制定法律风险防范制度等内生性免疫系统,和行政机关、司法机关、职教机构、社会组织帮扶体外生性帮扶系统,以解决农民工创业中法律风险防范问题。     

转换灌溉方式对农户种植决策和经济的影响——以河北省张北县为例

国内外研究表明节水灌溉技术具有田块尺度上的节水效益和对作物的增产效果。但从社会-经济-生态复合系统的角度,灌溉方式的转变是否会改变农户的种植决策和农业生产行为仍有待深入研究。本文以河北省张北县为例,通过实地调研建立了柯布-道格拉斯生产函数等模型,研究了转换灌溉方式对农户种植决策和福利的影响。结果发现,高效率的灌溉方式可以使旱作作物、低耗水作物和普通耗水作物的水分生产力提高25.0%~347.7%;但同时也促使了研究区域88.9%的农户种植用水强度更大、收益更高的经济作物,以期获得投资的回报;灌溉方式改变会影响农业生产的投入和产出,高效率的灌溉方式会增加灌溉设施建设成本（6.6%~16.2%）,增加农药投入（2~4倍）、减少劳动力投入（20.6%~59.3%）。研究结果证明转换灌溉方式后,农户作为农业生产的基本单元,在追求利润最大化的动机驱动下,会改变其种植决策和农业生产行为,从而改变农户的经济效益。本文的研究结果可为进一步深入分析节水灌溉对区域农业生产的用水影响提供科学依据。     

黑龙江省玉米施肥现状调查分析

2017年和2018年对黑龙江省大部分地区农户进行施肥现状问卷调查,结果表明,2017年和2018年黑龙江省玉米单位面积产量分别为6 415 kg/hm2和6 216 kg/hm2。两年农户平均施氮量分别为208 kg/hm2和197 kg/hm2,氮肥偏生产力分别为30.8 kg/kg和31.6 kg/kg,两年农户施氮量偏高和过高比例总和分别为57.1%和45.4%,黑龙江地区玉米施氮过量。2017年和2018年磷肥平均施用量分别为78 kg/hm2和81 kg/hm2,磷肥偏生产力分别为82.3 kg/kg和76.7 kg/kg,施磷量适宜农户比例分别为61.3%和65.8%,农户在施磷量方面表现较好。2017年和2018年钾肥平均用量为52 kg/hm2和55 kg/hm2,钾肥偏生产力分别为123.4 kg/kg和113.1 kg/kg,两年钾肥施用过低的农户比例分别为58.1%和50.7%,黑龙江对于钾肥施用量需要提高。通过优化施肥估算,黑龙江省每年可减少氮肥施用量80万～100万t,每年可减少磷肥施用量27万～40万t。     

新疆塔城地区滴灌玉米施肥现状与减施对策

对新疆塔城地区滴灌玉米生产施肥现状进行3年的农户调研,分析玉米施肥中存在的主要问题,提出相应解决途径。调研结果表明,化肥平均施用量为N 378 kg/hm~2,P_2O_5189 kg/hm~2,K_2O 56 kg/hm~2,氮磷投入明显高于全国平均水平;氮肥偏生产力44.2 kg/kg,低于全国平均水平;磷肥基施农户平均占比54.0%,滴灌水肥一体化的优势没有充分发挥。存在肥料种类单一、有机肥施用比例低等问题。建议采用水肥一体化和水溶肥、降低磷肥作基肥比例、降低氮磷比、提高有机肥施肥比例等措施,进一步提高玉米产量和肥料效率。     

Challenging the boundaries of local and scientific knowledge in Australia: Opportunities for social learning in managing temperate upland pastures

Evidence of an emerging focus on the role of farmer knowledge in developed countries is highlighted by the debate on the nature of local and scientific knowledge. Less attention has been paid to the interaction of different ways of knowing for sustainable capital-intensive agriculture. This paper explores the relationship between local and scientific knowledge in managing temperate pasture and grazing systems in Australia. The nature of farmer knowledge is firstly examined by describing the experiences of farm families in managing native and introduced perennial grasses in upland areas of the Murray-Darling Basin. The building of knowledge and skills through social learning was explored in group case studies and interviews with stakeholders involved in pasture research and development. The interchange of local and scientific knowledge in groups was shown to have a synergistic effect, whereby local knowledge was broadened and strengthened, and scientific knowledge adapted and molded to specific situations. The effectiveness of social learning was greatest in collaborative programs based on small, local groups involved in monitoring and evaluation of whole farm pasture and grazing systems.     

Bibliography: Farmer knowledge and management of crop disease

Nearly all contemporary people subsist on cultivated plants, most of which are vulnerable to diseases. Yet, there have been few studies of what traditional people know – and do not know – about crop disease. Agricultural scientists in general are becoming aware of the potential contribution of social scientists and farmers in developing integrated management of crop diseases. The International Potato Center (CIP) has focused on stimulating farmer-scientist collaboration in developing management of late blight, a major fungal disease of potatoes and other plants. Understanding farmers' knowledge of this and other plant diseases is an important element in furthering such collaboration. Although not all agricultural scientists recognize the value of social science, this literature search shows that some agricultural scientists now actively collaborate with farmers, in ways that cross the boundary into social science research. During this search, much of the work we found was written by plant pathologists and entomologists. We found over fifty publications on farmer knowledge of crop disease, and we have annotated the material that we thought most relevant to farmer- scientist collaboration for research of crop diseases, especially late blight.     

再论珠三角“代耕农”问题的社会工作干预

"代耕农"是珠三角农业流动人口中的特殊弱势群体,其生存状况令人堪忧,并随时可能引发系列社会问题,影响社会稳定。社会工作者作为弱势群体的关注者,能够以其专业技能、专业方法介入代耕农问题,一方面,从优势视角帮助代耕农发挥自身潜能,使其能够"自助",缓解甚至解决代耕农的各种生存、转业困境;另一方面,以中介者、资源联系者等角色去协调社会关系,形成以政府为主导、社会力量广泛参与解决"代耕农"问题的有效干预方式,最终达致解决和预防社会问题,促成社会公正和谐的良好局面。     

潢川县农民专业合作社发展路径研究

调查了潢川县农民专业合作社的发展现状,分析了农民专业合作社的作用及其在发展中存在的制约因素,进而提出解决问题的有效途径。     

贫困山区农民专业合作社空间分布特征及影响因素探究

研究目的：分析贫困山区小流域农民专业合作社空间分布规律并探究其主导影响因素。 研究方法：对研究区四个乡镇204个农民专业合作社根据业态进行分类,在分类的基础上利用Arcgis10.0软件的空间分析工具分析各类合作社空间分布规律,并运用地理探测器模型对其分布主导因素进行探究。研究结果：清漳河流域农民专业合作社主要分为林业、种植业、养殖业、种养业和服务业五种类型;合作社规模方面,以林业类核桃种植的农民专业合作社最多,分布广泛。影响因素方面,林业类主导因素为农村林地面积,决定力q值0.316;种植业类主导因素为农村耕地面积,q值0.222;养殖业、服务业类主导因素为农村居民区域面积,q值分别为0.268、0.273;种养业类主导因素为乡村路网,q值为0.258。研究结论：贫困山区小流域农民专业合作社规模呈现小型化,初级化;在空间分布中呈现一定的规律性,存在地域分异现象,影响农民专业合作社地域分异的主导因素存在差异。