Nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer improve pastures naturally growing under hazelnut trees

Abstract

This three-year study (2003–2005) aimed to improve the yield and quality of pastures growing naturally that are colonized by naturally occurring vegetation without agricultural input under hazelnut (Corylus sp.) orchards in the middle and eastern Black Sea regions of Turkey. There were eight treatments: 1) control; 2) fertilizer only (triple superphosphate 44% and calcium ammonium nitrate 26%) (80kg ha^?1 P and 60 kg ha^?1 N in Samsun; 100 kg ha^?1 P and 80 kg ha^?1 N in Ordu; 100 kg ha^?1 P and 40 kg ha^?1 N in Giresun); 3) lime only (calcium carbonate 94%) (3.0 t ha^?1 lime in Samsun; 4.5 t ha^?1 lime in Ordu and Giresun); 4) early cut only; 5) soil aeration only; 6) fertilizer+lime; 7) fertilizer+lime+early cut; 8) fertilizer+lime+soil aeration, laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates at each location. The highest dry matter (DM) yield of kg ha^?1 and crude protein content (%) was obtained from the treatments that included fertilizer. There was no difference in DM production between any of the combination treatments that involved fertilizer and the fertilizer alone treatment. Only lime and aeration applications also increased yield compared to control, but not as much as did any treatment including fertilizer. Crude protein content of the pasture ranged from 13.3 to 18.1% across locations. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer are recommended to improve DM yields and herbage quality for pastures under hazelnut orchards.     

盐碱胁迫对平欧杂种榛生长及叶片内源激素含量的影响

利用中性盐NaCl、碱性盐Na2CO3及混合盐碱(NaCl∶ Na2CO3=1∶1)设置3种盐碱胁迫处理,研究平欧杂种榛“辽榛3号”在不同类型、不同浓度的盐碱胁迫下生长指标及内源激素的变化,分析各内源激素与生长指标的相关关系.结果表明:3种盐碱胁迫对平欧杂种榛株高、新梢长度及叶片数净生长量、地上部生物量、总生物量抑制作用明显,且NaCl胁迫＞混合盐碱胁迫＞Na2CO3胁迫,而各处理根冠比显著增加;低浓度盐碱胁迫对地径有明显的增粗效应,在50、100 mmol·L-1 Na2CO3胁迫下,地下部生物量显著增加;此外,NaCl胁迫还显著降低了平欧杂种榛叶片含水量.3种胁迫条件下,平欧杂种榛叶片的ABA含量明显增加,且(GA+ IAA+ ZR)/ABA比值与对照相比均显著降低,同时发现Na2CO3胁迫下ABA积累更快,且与胁迫浓度无关,而NaCl胁迫下ABA含量与胁迫浓度显著正相关.相关分析表明:(GA+ IAA+ZR)/ABA比值与株高、新梢长度、新梢叶片数存在显著正相关,而与根冠比呈极显著的负相关.由上可知,平欧杂种榛在中性盐下的生长指标受抑制程度大于碱性盐和混合盐碱,不同盐碱胁迫下内源激素响应特征也存在差异,表明平欧杂种榛对Na2CO3的耐受力高于NaCl.     

贵州喀斯特山区野生榛子资源概况调查及思考

经调查,贵州省喀斯特山区野生榛子资源分布于贵州西部及西南部,主要分布在兴仁、普安、安龙、盘县、威宁等地区。其中黔西南州野生榛子资源最为丰富,六盘水次之,但利用都十分有限。笔者主要对贵州喀斯特山区野生榛子分布区域、生存环境、伴生植物、利用状况等进行详细调查,并根据实际情况提出利用建议。     

平欧杂交榛的组织培养

为了探索我国平欧杂交榛离体培养和快繁技术,以5个平欧杂交榛品种(系)的幼嫩茎段为外植体,研究其组织培养及快速繁殖技术,结果表明,(1)5月中旬为茎尖培养取材的较好时期,污染率低、萌芽率高。(2)适宜的基本培养基为DKW培养基。(3)不同基因型间的萌芽率及芽苗生长状态存在极显著差异。(4)增殖阶段较好的培养基为:DKW+TDZ1.5mg/L+IBA0.01mg/L。(5)生根培养较佳培养基为:1/2MS+NAA0.1mg/L,生根率达90%。     

Genetic and Pathogenic Diversity of Pseudomonas avellanae Strains Isolated from Corylus avellana Trees in North-west of Italy, and Comparison with Strains from Other Regions

Forty strains of Pseudomonas avellanae isolated from hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) trees in the Langhe district of Italy were compared with 15 strains collected from various geographic areas. All strains were assessed by rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting using ERIC, REP and BOX primer sets. Cluster analysis was performed by means of UPGMA. To check the possible differential virulence of the strains, pathogenicity tests were carried out by inoculating leaf scars of hazelnut trees in early autumn. Cluster analysis indicated that, during a four-year study, at least five groups of strains were isolated from different hazelnut orchards located in the small district of Langhe. Two groups were isolated from the same twig. Such strains showed around 20% similarity with other P. avellanae strains collected from northern Greece and central Italy. The strains from Langhe were less aggressive to hazelnut than strains from northern Greece and central Italy. These results and previous genomic characterizations indicate a possible correlation between genomic profile type and regional geographic distribution of P. avellanae strains. In addition, the genetic variability found in the strains from Langhe indicates that such populations are older than the more homogenous P. avellanae populations from other regions.     

Inheritance of nut traits in filbert (Corylus avellana L.)

Summary A filbert breeding program was initiated at Oregon State University in 1969 to develop improved cultivars for the Pacific Northwest. Nut traits were evaluated in parents and progenies and the first published inheritance data for this crop species are presented. Correlation coefficients of progeny means and mid-parent values are 0.92 for percent kernel, 0.84 for nut weight, 0.68 for amount of fiber on pellicle, 0.89 for kernel shrinkage, 0.70 for number of nuts per cluster, and 0.34 for estimated husk length. It is concluded that all but one of the evaluated traits is highly heritable and that additive gene action is principally responsible.Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Paper No. 4390.     

榛仁中氮、磷、钾、钙与贮藏物质的相关性分析

以杂种榛优良品系为试材,分析氮、磷、钾、钙与贮藏物质的相关性。结果表明:氮、磷、钾和钙与脂肪显著或极显著正相关。氮、磷和钙与蔗糖显著或极显著正相关,‘82-11’品系中的磷和钾与可溶性总糖显著或极显著正相关,‘84-237’品系中的钙与可溶性总糖显著正相关,‘84-402’品系中的磷素与可溶性总糖显著正相关。     

平欧杂种榛微繁技术研究

以杂种榛的4个优良抗寒栽培品种“薄壳红”、“玉坠”、“平顶黄”、“达维”及品系等春梢及夏梢幼嫩茎段作为外植体,筛选杂种榛组织培养最佳外植体、各个培养阶段的最佳培养基及最佳移栽基质,建立一个较为完整的平欧杂种榛组织培养繁育技术体系.结果表明:外植体采用6月取夏梢幼嫩茎段比较适宜,茎段分化培养采用培养基:DKW(改良)+BA 4.0+IBA 0.01+GA30.2+VH 0.1+VB5 10+LH 300,葡萄糖30 g/L,琼脂5 g/L;“薄壳红”、“玉坠”最佳增殖培养基为:DKW(改良)+BA 5.0+IAA 0.01+GA3 0.2+VH 0.1+VB510+LH 300,葡萄糖30 g/L,琼脂5 g/L,增殖系数达到3.0～3.5;杂种榛最佳生根培养基为:MS+IAA 0.5 mg/L+IBA 0.8mg/L,白糖20 g/L,琼脂5g/L,平均生根率83.2％;依照试验确定蛭石、草炭(1∶1)是最佳移栽驯化基质,移栽成活率达到90.5％.     

平欧杂种榛果实发育过程中Vc含量的变化研究

以7年生平欧杂种榛‘82—11’、‘84—237’及‘84-402’为研究对象,在果实成熟期每隔3。6天,采用2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法测定Vc含量,分析其果实发育过程中Vc含量变化。结果表明：幼果迅速发育期,Vc相对含量和绝对含量大幅度下降,平均降幅为90．67％和64．4J4％;从果壳硬化期到果实成熟,Vc相对含量和绝对含量变化不大,降幅较小,其平均下降幅度为39．72％和30．47％。     

榛子粉溶解性和膨胀势与其主要物质组成的关系

【目的】比较4个品种榛子粉溶解性和膨胀势及其去皮处理后榛子粉溶解性和膨胀势变化的差异,分析榛子粉主要物质组成与其溶解性和膨胀势的关系,为榛子粉加工产品的研制提供理论依据。【方法】采用碱液浸泡法去除榛子种皮,索氏提取法脱去油脂制取榛子粉;采用离心法测定榛子粉溶解性和膨胀势,凯氏定氮法测定蛋白质含量,考马斯亮蓝比色法测定可溶性蛋白质含量,蒽酮比色法测定淀粉和可溶性糖含量,重量法测定粗纤维和灰分含量,并分析物质组成与溶解性和膨胀势的相关性。【结果】不同品种榛子粉溶解性和膨胀势均存在显著差异,溶解性从大到小依次为‘巴塞罗那’、‘辽榛3#’、‘平榛1#’和‘达维’,膨胀势从大到小依次为‘巴塞罗那’、‘平榛1#’、‘达维’和‘辽榛3#’。溶解性随温度的升高呈先增加后降低的趋势变化,不同温度下溶解度差异显著,70℃ 时达到峰值;膨胀势在低于70℃ 时随温度的升高显著增加,高于70℃时随温度的升高变化不明显。品种间榛子粉主要物质组成含量差异显著,溶解性与可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉含量显著正相关,与灰分含量显著负相关;膨胀势与淀粉含量显著正相关,与蛋白质含量显著负相关。去皮处理对溶解性和膨胀势的影响不显著。【结论】各品种榛子粉的溶解性和膨胀势随温度变化的趋势基本一致,温度对溶解性影响差异显著,高于70℃ 时膨胀势没有明显变化;可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和淀粉是影响榛子粉溶解性的主要因子,而膨胀势与淀粉关系密切;去皮处理后溶解性和膨胀势变化不明显,并且溶解性和膨胀势之间相互影响。