奶牛粪蚯蚓堆肥的基质配方及对草莓育苗的影响

将奶牛粪蚯蚓堆肥与泥炭、珍珠岩和蛭石按不同比例进行复配,然后进行草莓育苗生长试验,通过分析草莓生长情况,筛选出适合草莓育苗的最佳基质配方。结果表明,复配后育苗基质的理化性质优良,适合草莓生长。与常规基质相比,添加不同量蚯蚓堆肥的育苗基质均不同程度促进了草莓母株和一级子苗的生长(除蚯蚓堆肥完全替代泥炭处理外),随着蚯蚓堆肥比例的增加,草莓植株生长情况表现为先上升后下降的趋势。所有处理中,以蚯蚓堆肥占育苗基质物料总体积1/3的配比处理(替代50%的泥炭)的综合效果最好,较常规基质能显著提高草莓母株和一级子苗的品质,母株的株高、生物量、根系形态指标、相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值)和过氧化物酶活性,以及一级子苗功能叶的叶柄长、叶面积和SPAD值等,该配方可推荐用于架式草莓工厂化育苗生产。     

Housefly Larvae (Musca domestica) Vermicompost on Soil Biochemical Features for a Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) Farm

ABSTRACT

The housefly larvae (Musca domestica) vermireactor is capable of highly efficient waste reduction for swine manure management; however, effectiveness of larvae-vermicompost land utilization and the associated impact on soil environment are poorly understood. This study, which integrated incubation pot experiments and field plot tests on a chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) farm, was designed to investigate soil biochemical and microbial functions in response to inorganic fertilizer (NPK), vermicompost (VC) application, and/or combination of inorganic fertilizer and vermicompost (I + V). Pot experiments indicated that available soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were significantly higher (21%-43%, 206%-306%, and 35%-36%, respectively) with VC treatment compared to NPK treatment; meanwhile, soil organic carbon (C), N and P mineralization was increased by 46%-57%, 53%-70%, and 30%-113%, respectively. Vermicompost application increased soil highly labile organic C by 19% to 42%. Vermicompost also enhanced soil enzymatic activities: 37%-68% for dehydrogenase, 22%-107% for urease, and 3.4%-56% for phosphatases, but activities of soil β-1,4-glucosidase and β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase were reduced by 17%-53% and 24%-42%, respectively. Compared to pot experiment, continuous land application of vermicompost overwhelmingly caused soil nutrient accumulation, increased soil C stock and microbial biomass, enhanced soil mineralization, and improved C-, N-, and P-related enzymatic activities. Co-inertia analysis indicated that soil fertility indices positively correlated with most microbiological indices. This work reveals VC as a new biofertilizer for crop production and highlights its merit on soil health improvement.     

蚯蚓粪基质在辣椒穴盘育苗中的应用

以蚯蚓粪为主要原料配合不同体积比的蛭石作为穴盘育苗基质与草炭对比,研究了复合基质对辣椒种子出苗率及幼苗生长发育的影响.结果表明:与草炭相比,蚯蚓粪容重较大、孔隙度和持水力较小,高P、K含量和低N含量;蚯蚓粪复合基质促进了辣椒幼苗生长发育,其作用效果与基质混合比例有很大关系,3:1(V:V)蚯蚓粪复合基质育苗效果最佳.     

蚯蚓粪中乳酸菌的分离及其在大肠杆菌O157：H7中的抗菌活性

本研究利用SL培养基从蚯蚓粪中分离到54株具有产酸性能的菌株,并以E.coli O157：H7（EDL933株）作为指示菌株,采用点种法检测分离菌株的抑菌活性。结果表明其中6个菌株对指示菌具有拮抗作用,通过形态特征,结合16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定该6个菌株分别为食物魏斯特菌（Listeria welshimeri）、乳酸片球菌（Pediococcus acidilactici）、短乳杆菌（Lactobacillus brevis）和格氏乳球菌（Lactococcus garvieae）。分离到的乳酸菌对E.coli O157：H7（EDL933株）具有显著的抑制作用,发酵温度和初始pH值影响发酵液的抑菌作用,优化环境因子可以促进拮抗菌对E.coli O157：H7的抑制作用。本研究为进一步分离抗菌产物用于人畜共患病的预防和治疗提供了理论依据。     

蚓粪和益生菌配施对设施番茄地土壤线虫群落的影响

为探究蚓粪和益生菌互作对大棚番茄地土壤线虫数量和群落结构的影响,设置CF(单施化肥)、CF+BM(化肥配施巨大芽孢杆菌)、CF+BA(化肥配施解淀粉芽孢杆菌)、VC(单施蚓粪)、VC+BM(蚓粪配施巨大芽孢杆菌)和VC+BA(蚓粪配施解淀粉芽孢杆菌)6个处理。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,单施蚓粪有助于土壤线虫数量的提高,而蚓粪配施益生菌相比单施蚓粪对线虫数量的提高更加显著;化肥配施益生菌在盛花期时对土壤线虫数量提高不显著,收获期时有显著提高但效果不及蚓粪配施益生菌。单施化肥或蚓粪提高了植食性线虫短体属(Pratylenchus)的相对丰度,且单施蚓粪提高幅度显著高于单施化肥。与单施化肥相比,单施蚓粪显著降低了食细菌线虫比例,而化肥配施益生菌显著降低了食细菌线虫和植食性线虫比例,增加了食真菌线虫比例。蚓粪配施益生菌相比单施蚓粪显著增加了食细菌和食真菌线虫比例,降低了植食性和捕杂食性线虫比例。与单施化肥或蚓粪相比,蚓粪配施益生菌对瓦斯乐斯卡指数(WI)、食真菌线虫与食细菌线虫比率(F/B)和植食性线虫成熟指数(PPI)均能够产生积极影响,且效果优于化肥配施益生菌。综合比较可以发现,与单施化肥或蚓粪相比,蚓粪配施益生菌能够减缓植食性线虫增长,土壤环境和线虫群落趋于健康和稳定,是值得推荐的施肥方式。     

蚯蚓粪有机肥对土壤肥力与甘蓝生长、品质的影响

进行了两茬蚯蚓粪田间肥力试验。结果表明,第二茬结束时,与试前相比,土壤有机质与全N全P含量,单施蚯蚓粪分别增加78.7%、47.9%、40.8%,施蚯蚓粪+化肥分别增加38.4%、21.9%、28.2%;三大微生物总量,单施蚯蚓粪、施蚯蚓粪+化肥分别增加108.2%、51.8%。施用蚯蚓粪能增加土壤速效养分含量,促进叶面积增长与干物质积累。一、二茬结束时,与不施肥相比,单施蚯蚓粪增产45.5%、77.5%,施蚯蚓粪+无机肥增产76.1%、103.9%,均达极显著水平。施用蚯蚓粪可改善甘蓝品质,降低甘蓝硝酸盐含量,提高维生素C含量。     

蚓堆肥热干扰后对土壤质量和作物生长的影响

了解热干扰对蚓堆肥肥效的影响有助于指导其规模化加工和应用,促进有机废弃物的高效循环利用。通过模拟不同热干扰梯度(30、40、50、60和70℃)研究蚓堆肥自身性质的变化,将新鲜的蚓堆肥置于烘箱中加热20 h,并于温室中采用盆栽试验探究经过热干扰后的蚓堆肥对土壤性质及番茄生长的影响。结果表明,随着热干扰温度的升高,蚓堆肥的pH、可溶性有机碳及铵态氮含量呈上升趋势且在最高温干扰处理下达到最高,但硝态氮和速效钾含量呈下降趋势;微生物生物量碳氮含量先上升后下降,而其中参与碳氮循环的酶活性逐渐降低。经不同热干扰处理后的蚓堆肥施入土壤后,相比30℃的对照,蚓堆肥经热干扰后番茄的地上部生物量提高了2倍左右,根系生物量增加了56%～115%;伴随蚓堆肥热干扰温度的增加,植物氮磷钾养分的吸收量逐渐提高,蚓堆肥对土壤氮磷钾养分的供应量(土壤速效养分与植物有效养分吸收量之和)先升高后下降并在50℃干扰处理后达到最高;土壤pH及可溶性有机碳含量逐渐升高,土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量呈先上升后下降的趋势且在70℃干扰后降至最低,而土壤中参与碳氮循环的酶活性变化趋势不一致,但与对照相比总体呈上升趋势。总之,热干扰导致蚓堆肥生物活性下降及养分有效性增加,相应地,热干扰后的蚓堆肥施入土壤后能明显促进作物氮磷钾养分的吸收,有利于蚓堆肥发挥其肥效。因此,蚓堆肥加热处理有利于其发挥短期培肥和植物促生功效,而其长期效果有待今后在更大时空尺度上的研究。     

Kinetic parameters of dehydrogenase in the assessment of the response of soil to vermicompost and inorganic fertilisers

 Kinetic parameters (V _max and K _m) of dehydrogenase activity were determined in order to assess the metabolic response of a soil about 1 year after organic and mineral treatments. The soil was planted with maize (Zea mays) and treated with the following fertilisers: organic (vermicompost; VC), mineral (ammonium phosphate and urea), and an organo-mineral mixture. V _max, which represents a measurement of the quantity of enzyme, markedly increased in organic and organo-mineral treatments, indicating that the addition of organic matter caused an increase in dehydrogenase in the active microbial biomass. K _m, representing enzyme-substrate affinity and/or different sources of the enzymes, was similar in VC-treated soil and control soil, while it doubled in organo-mineral and mineral treatments. These results suggest that the use of VC did not alter the enzyme-substrate affinity, while mineral fertiliser reduced this affinity or changed the composition and activity of soil microbiota. A positive correlation was found between V _max, the metabolic index (dehydrogenase/water-soluble carbon ratio), and the soil organic matter content. The kinetic constants of dehydrogenase activity and the metabolic index may be considered valid parameters to monitor the evolution of microbiological activity in soil. Received: 4 February 2000     

蚯蚓粪对作物连作障碍抑制作用研究进展

随着集约化生产的进一步发展,连作障碍已成为制约我国一些地区种植业可持续发展的瓶颈问题。蚯蚓粪是一种优质的有机肥,目前已成功应用于连作障碍防治,并取得了一定的研究成果。本文简要介绍了蚯蚓粪的理化性质和生物学性质,综述概括了其在抑制连作障碍方面的研究进展,并对以后的研究提出了展望,以期能为作物连作障碍综合防治提供一定的参考。