秤锤树叶片内生真菌的分离鉴定及其对植株生长的影响

本研究从秤锤树叶片中分离内生菌进行分子鉴定,并接种到无菌组培苗中研究其对植株生长的影响。研究结果显示,从秤锤树叶片中共分离获得7株真菌。扩增出的6个菌株经ITS测序,在NCBI网站上进行基因序列比对,鉴定出其中5株菌株均属于球毛壳菌（Chaetomium globosum）,1株属于子囊菌（As-comycete）。进一步实验表明：分离的菌株多数对组培苗的株高生长影响不大,可初步鉴定其为内生菌,其中的属于球毛壳菌的F和H菌株对无菌苗的株高有明显的促进作用。     

烟草青枯病菌拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及生防特性研究

烟草青枯病危害严重,以拮抗菌进行防病的生物防治手段成为研究热点。从不同烟田分离纯化出238株细菌菌株,首先经牙签接种初筛,选取对青枯病菌抑制效果较好的菌株制备其抑菌物质的粗提物,以牛津杯法复筛,最终获得3株对烟草青枯病菌有明显抑制作用的拮抗细菌。全细胞脂肪酸、16S rDNA及gyrB基因测序等分析结果表明,菌株H19、Y6为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),菌株H34为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(B.methylotrophicus)。3株拮抗菌经CAS检测平板法和Salkowski比色法,发现均具有产铁载体和吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)的能力,以菌株H19能力最强。温室促生试验结果表明,3株拮抗菌能显著促进烟草株高、鲜重及干重等指标,与对照相比,平均增长率分别达到70%~115%、40%~49%和32%~42%。温室控病试验结果表明,菌株H19、H34和Y6明显降低烟草青枯病的发病率,防效达76.57%、60.98%和69.83%,稍逊于农用链霉素处理的78.66%。     

拮抗菌DG1的鉴定及其对大白菜菌核病菌的抑制作用研究

为减少化学农药的使用,丰富生物防治菌株资源库,在分离大白菜菌核病菌的过程中,筛选到一株对其具有抑制作用的拮抗菌,命名为DG1.本研究通过形态观察、生理生化特征检测及16S rDNA序列分析,对拮抗菌DG1进行种属鉴定;通过测量菌落直径,研究DG1发酵液及挥发性物质对大白菜菌核病菌的抑制作用;通过平板对峙法测定拮抗菌DG...     

抗马铃薯晚疫病菌的粘细菌菌株X6-Ⅱ-1的分离鉴定、拮抗活性及发酵条件的优化

马铃薯晚疫病(potato late bright)是马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)最为严重的病害,其病原菌为致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)。为了从土壤样品中筛选出对马铃薯晚疫病具有拮抗作用的粘细菌,本实验利用大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)划线诱导法从土样中分离菌株,通过平板对峙法筛选具有抗马铃薯晚疫病菌活性的粘细菌,结合形态观察、生理生化特征和16S r RNA基因序列分析确定菌株的分类地位。采用称重法测定菌株生长曲线,滤纸片法确定活性物质的分布,并通过单因素分析与正交优化相结合的方法对菌株的发酵参数进行了研究。共从土壤样品中共分离得到5株粘细菌,其中有3株对致病疫霉表现出拮抗活性,菌株X6-Ⅱ-1的拮抗活性最强,致病疫霉菌丝生长边缘与菌株X6-Ⅱ-1菌饼最短距离可达到5 mm,经鉴定为叶柄粘球菌(Myxococcus stipitatus)。该菌株可以杀死并溶解大肠杆菌,且可以抑制枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的生长。拮抗致病疫霉的活性物质主要存在于细胞外,产活性物质的最适发酵条件为:接种量10%,摇床转速180 r/min,培养温度为30℃,发酵时间为7 d。粘细菌菌株X6-Ⅱ-1能够产生抗马铃薯晚疫病菌的活性物质,具有开发成抗马铃薯晚疫病生物农药的潜在价值。本研究为活性物质的分离鉴定以及抗马铃薯晚疫病农药的研发提供基础数据。     

广西桑树细菌性枯萎病菌致病力和遗传多样性分析

从广西9个县市采集具有典型枯萎症状桑树样品和发病田块土壤样品,经分离纯化获得致病性菌株105株。依据在桑树品种桂桑优12的致病性强弱,将广西桑树细菌性枯萎病菌株分为强致病力（57株）、中等致病力（17株）和弱致病力（31株）三种致病型。对48个代表性致病菌株进行16S rDNA和rpoB基因序列测定,同源性分析和系统进化树分析结果显示,这48个菌株分别为阴沟肠杆菌（Enterobacter cloacae（16株）、阿氏肠杆菌（E.asburise）（13株）、桑肠杆菌（E.mori）（7株）、产酸克雷伯氏菌（Klebsiella oxytoca）（3株）以及未确定种的肠杆菌属（Enterobacter sp.）3株、克雷伯氏菌属（Klebsiella sp.）6株。阿氏肠杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌出现的频率最高,是广西的优势菌株。研究结果表明,广西桑树细菌性枯萎病菌具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

耐辐射动球菌recO和recR基因的克隆表达及功能验证

为研究耐辐射动球菌Rec O和RecR蛋白的抗紫外辐射损伤效应,本研究通过PCR扩增耐辐射动球菌rec O和recR基因的全长序列,构建重组质粒p GEX-2T-rec O和p GEX-2T-recR并转化到大肠杆菌E.coli BL21(DE3)中,IPTG诱导重组蛋白表达,Western Blot检测蛋白表达,测定紫外辐照前后E.coli BL21(DE3)、空载菌株及表达菌株的生存率,并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测工程菌中耐辐射动球菌rec O、recR基因及E.coli BL21(DE3)中Rec FOR途径相关基因(rec F、rec O、recR、rec A、rec G、ruv A、ruv B、ruv C、ssb)的表达情况。结果表明,Rec O和RecR融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中成功诱导表达;当紫外辐照剂量大于8 J·m-2,导入p GEX-2T-rec O和p GEX-2T-recR的工程菌存活率均高于对照组,说明耐辐射动球菌RecR和Rec O蛋白能增强E.coli BL21(DE3)对紫外辐射的抵抗能力;Rec O工程菌中rec F、recR、rec A、rec G、ruv A、ruv B、ruv C、ssb的表达明显高于对照组,RecR工程菌中Rec FOR途径其他相关基因的表达与对照组差异均不显著,表明耐辐射动球菌recR和rec O基因可通过不同的调控路径提高E.coli BL21(DE3)的抗紫外辐射能力。本试验结果为耐辐射动球菌的耐辐射机制研究提供了一定的科学依据。     

酸马奶酒中微生物的分离鉴定及抗菌特性的研究

从内蒙古锡盟不同地区采集15份酸马奶酒样品,经分离纯化、归属种鉴定,并单菌发酵液经调pH值、蒸发酒精、浓缩后,对李斯特杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌进行抑菌研究。结果表明,酸马奶酒是由多种乳酸菌和酵母菌共同发酵的乳饮料。其中乳酸菌中有球菌5个属,杆菌6个属,酵母菌6个属。乳酸菌中有9株乳球菌和12株乳杆菌对李斯特杆菌有抑制作用,对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌无抑制作用。酵母菌中有4株对大肠杆菌有抑菌作用,其中有2株同时对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑制作用,对李斯特杆菌无抑制作用     

耐辐射菌株筛选及其胞外代谢产物抗紫外辐射物质特性

从经8kGy γ辐照处理的新疆沙漠样本中分离到1株红色球菌——RV113,鉴定为奇异球菌属（Deinococcus）的新菌。试验证明该菌胞外代谢产物具有抗紫外辐射特性,能有效提高E.oli JM109紫外辐射抗性。紫外吸收光谱与清除DPPH自由基特性试验说明,菌株RV113的正已烷、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇3种溶剂萃取的胞外代谢产物具有降低紫外辐射直接损伤与间接损伤的作用。     

腊肉中有益微生物的分离筛选及鉴定

从湖南省张家界传统腊肉中分离到的4株乳酸菌,发酵产物均为乳酸,通过发酵特性试验,发现4株菌都具有较好的发酵特性,通过基本上符合发酵肉制品生产的要求。4株乳酸菌的生化鉴定结果表明,菌株LR17菌株LR65为戊糖片球菌,菌株LR28菌株LR89为清酒乳杆菌。     

肠道沙门菌O：4（B）菌群脉冲场凝胶电泳分子分型

为了明确2010年食源性疾病监测中分离的肠道沙门菌O：4（B）菌群的PFGE分子型别,探讨其多态性及其与分子流行病学关系,我们将分离获得的29株O：4（B）血清型沙门菌进一步鉴定培养,挑取单个菌落增菌,供试菌株基因组DNA用限制性内切酶xbaI消化酶切后进行脉冲场凝胶电泳分型,所得结果用Bionumerics5．1软件进行聚类分析。实验结果表明,根据电泳指纹图谱,可将29株肠道沙门菌O：4（B）菌群分为24个PFGE型别,菌株间的相似值在56.31％～100％之间,同一血清型别的沙门菌有多个PFGE型别。脉冲场凝胶电泳对O：4（B）群沙门菌有较高的分型能力,可有效的应用于食物中沙门菌溯源分析及分子流行病学研有。     

Volatile compounds from Escherichia coli O157:H7 and their absorption by strawberry fruit

Volatile compounds emitted by cultures of two strains of the pathogenic bacterium Escherichia coliO157:H7 and a nonpathogenic strain of E. coli were trapped on Super-Q porous polymer and identified by GC-MS. The predominant compound produced by all three strains was indole with lesser amounts of other components including methyl ketones, 2-heptanone, 2-nonanone, 2-undecanone, and 2-tridecanone. The vapor-phase profiles of these strains were similar for most chemicals identified but differed with regard to ketones. Strawberry fruit was shown to be a suitable host for E. coli O157:H7 with the population of the bacterium either increasing or remaining stable after 3 days depending on inoculation level. Headspace analysis of the volatile compounds from inoculated fruit yielded no detectable quantity of indole. Strawberry fruit readily absorbed indole and other volatile compounds produced by the bacteria and in some cases metabolized the compounds to new volatile products. Thus, headspace "marker" compounds indicating possible bacterial contamination of fruit were largely removed from the vapor phase by the strawberries.     

Comparison of the Transport of Tetracycline-Resistant and Tetracycline-Susceptible Escherichia coli Isolated from Lake Michigan

It was recently reported that tetracycline could enhance the mobility of manure-derived Escherichia coli within saturated porous media (Walczak et al. (Water Research 45:1681-1690, 2011)). It was also shown, however, that E. coli from various sources could display marked variation in their mobility (Bolster et al. (Journal of Environmental Quality 35:1018-1025, 2009)). The focus of this research was to examine if the observed difference in the mobility of manure-derived tetracycline-resistant (tet(R)) and tetracycline-susceptible (tet(S)) E. coli strains was source-dependent. Specifically, E. coli were isolated from Lake Michigan, and the influence of tetracycline resistance on Lake Michigan-derived E. coli was investigated through column transport experiments. Additionally, a variety of cell morphology and surface properties were determined and related to the observed bacterial transport behavior. Our experimental results showed that, consistent with previous observations, the deposition rate coefficients of the tet(R)E. coli strain was ~20-100% higher than those of the tet(S)E. coli strain. The zeta potential of the tet(R)E. coli cells was ~25 mV more negative than the tet(S)E. coli cells. Because the surfaces of the E. coli cells and the quartz sands were negatively charged, the repulsive electrostatic double-layer interaction between the tet(R)E. coli cells and the quartz sands was stronger, and the mobility of the tet(R)E. coli cells in the sand packs was thus higher. The tet(R)E. coli cells were also more hydrophilic than the tet(S)E. coli cells. Results from migration to hydrocarbon phase (MATH) tests showed that about ~35% more tet(S)E. coli cells partitioned to the hydrocarbon phase. As it was previously shown that cell hydrophobicity could enhance the attachment of bacterial cells to quartz sand, the difference in cell hydrophobicity could also have contributed to the observed higher mobility of the tet(R)E. coli cells. The size of the tet(R) and tet(S)E. coli cells were similar, suggesting that the observed difference in their mobility was not size-related. Characterization of cell surface properties also showed that tet(R) and tetS E. coli cells differed slightly in cell-bound lipopolysaccharide contents and had distinct outer membrane protein profiles. Such difference could alter cell surface properties which in turn led to changes in cell mobility.     

鸡大肠杆菌质粒指纹图谱及某些生物学特性的研究

用广西分离的鸡大肠杆菌(E.coli)11种血清型的代表菌株进行研究。结果表明:鸡E.coli的致病性与血清型、菌毛及大肠杆菌素(colicin)的产生有关;与细菌的抗药性关系不大;鸡E.coli不产不耐热肠毒素(LT)及耐热肠毒素(ST);鸡E.coli的血凝特性及盐凝特性与其菌毛的产生有关;来源及血清型相同的菌株才具有完全相同或基本相同的质粒指纹图谱(PP)和酶切图谱;质粒分布与血清型及菌毛的产生无明显关系,与colicin的产生及抗约性有较密切的关系。结果还表明,鸡E.coil与其它人畜致病性E.coli有显著的区别。并对此作了进一步的讨论。     

DNA colony hybridization method using synthetic oligonucleotides to detect enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: collaborative study

The genes that encode several of the enterotoxins produced by Escherichia coli have been cloned by recombinant DNA techniques. When the nucleotide sequence of these genes is determined, defined sequence oligonucleotides that include a part of these genes may be synthesized. A 22-base DNA hybridization probe was produced for each of 2 heat-stable E. coli enterotoxin (ST) genes: STH, from strains originally isolated from humans; and STP, from strains first found in pigs. For this study, 32P end-labeled DNA probes, sonicated calf thymus DNA, and 3 known and 20 unknown (10 ST-positive and 10 ST-negative) strains were sent to each of 23 collaborators. Cultures were spotted onto an agar-based medium and grown into colonies, which were transferred by blotting to cellulose filters, lysed by alkali and steam, and used for DNA colony hybridization with the ST DNA probes. Strains containing an ST gene were recognized as dark spots on an autoradiogram. Of the 460 samples analyzed, 440 (95.7%) were correctly classified by the collaborators. The method has been adopted official first action.     

Changes in membrane fatty acids composition of microbial cells induced by addiction of thymol, carvacrol, limonene, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol in the growing media

Major active compounds from essential oils are well-known to possess antimicrobial activity against both pathogen and spoilage microorganisms. The aim of this work was to determine the alteration of the membrane fatty acid profile as an adaptive mechanism of the cells in the presence of a sublethal concentration of antimicrobial compound in response to a stress condition. Methanolic solutions of thymol, carvacrol, limonene, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol were added into growth media of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Brochothrix thermosphacta, and Staphylococcus aureus strains. Fatty acid extraction and gas chromatographic analysis were performed to assess changes in membrane fatty acid composition. Substantial changes were observed on the long chain unsaturated fatty acids when the E. coli and Salmonella strains grew in the presence of limonene and cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol and eugenol, respectively. All compounds influenced the fatty acid profile of B. thermosphacta, while Pseudomonas and S. aureus strains did not show substantial changes in their fatty acid compositions.     

EAsdiA基因的克隆和作为新靶标对梨火疫病菌的检测

基因sdiA属于与群体效应相关的LuxR家族,目前已证实存在于Escherichia coli和Salmonella typhimurium基因组中。本研究从梨火疫病菌(Erwinia amylovora)中克隆到了一个sdiA的同源基因,命名为EAsdiA(GenBank登录号:AY864839),该基因与E.coli和S.typhimurium的sdiA基因在氨基酸水平上分别有45.42%和43.33%的同源性,与其它细菌的luxR同源基因的同源性更低。根据梨火疫病菌EAsdiA和其它病原细菌的luxR基因的序列比对设计了1对特异引物F-EAluxR和R-EAluxR,能够特异地检测梨火疫病菌,检测灵敏度为10个菌体,在含有梨组织浸出液中可检测到102个菌体。本研究首次从梨火疫病菌中克隆sdiA基因并作为新靶标应用于该病菌分子检测。     

Characterization of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase of the same gene expressed from Bacillus macerans, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli

The plasmid pHG contains a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) gene (cgt) derived from Bacillus macerans. Two transformants, Bacillus subtilis (pHG) and Escherichia coli (pHG), were found to produce CGTases with the same primary structure as the enzyme from B. macerans. However, the beta-cyclodextrin coupling activity of the CGTase from E. coli (pHG) was 14-fold higher than that of the enzymes from the other strains. By contrast, no differences in alpha-cyclodextrin coupling activities were observed among these CGTases. CGTase from E. coli (pHG) was found to be less thermostable than the other CGTases. When the CGTase produced by B. subtilis was treated with increasing urea concentrations (10-1000 mM) to promote increasing degrees of protein unfolding, a bell-shaped beta-cyclodextrin coupling activity profile was obtained. Subtle differences in the conformation of the CGTase produced by E. coli are therefore proposed to be responsible for the markedly increased beta-cyclodextrin coupling activity of this enzyme.     

Glycopeptide derived from hen egg ovomucin has the ability to bind enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7

Ovomucin glycopeptide (OGP) was prepared by size exclusion chromatography after Pronase digestion of hen egg ovomucin, and the binding of OGP to foodborne pathogens (Bacillus cereus,Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus) was investigaed. Binding assays with biotinylated bacteria as probes in microtiter plates showed that OGP bound to only E. coli O157:H7 among these foodborne pathogens. Periodate treatment markedly reduced the binding ability, indicating that E. coli O157:H7 bound to carbohydrate moieties of OGP. Lectin blot analysis with Maackia amurensis (MAA) and Sambucus nigra (SNA), which are specific for oligosaccharides containing sialic acid, revealed their binding sites in OGP were similar to the E. coli O157:H7 binding sites that were probed with biotinylated E. coli O157:H7 after Western blotting of OGP. Sialydase treatment of OGP abolished its ability to bind E. coli O157:H7, demonstrating that sialic acid played an important role in the binding. These results suggest that OGP has E. coli O157:H7-specific binding sites that consist of sialic acid. On the basis of these properties, OGP has the potential to be an ingredient with a protective effect against E. coli O157:H7 infection and to be a novel probe for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 in the food hygiene field.     

Differentiation of Enterobacter sakazakii from closely related Enterobacter and Citrobacter species using fatty acid profiles

Capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was used to determine the cellular fatty acid (CFA) profiles of 134 Enterobacter sakazakii strains, and these were compared to the CFA profiles of other closely related Enterobacter and Citrobacter species. For GC-FID analysis, whole cell fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from cells cultured on brain heart infusion (BHI) agar at 37 degrees C for 24 h were obtained by saponification, methylation, and extraction into hexane/methyl tert-butyl ether. A database for E. sakazakii was prepared using fatty acid profiles from the 134 strains. Major fatty acids of E. sakazakii strains evaluated in this study were straight-chain 12:0, 14:0, and 16:0, unsaturated 18:1 omega7c, and 17:0 omegacyclo 7-8. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on CFA profiles for E. sakazakii strains shows separation of E. sakazakii subgroups A and B. The CFA profiles for E. sakazakii and Enterobacter cloacae show that there are several fatty acids, 14:0, 17:0 omegacyclo 7-8, 18:1 omega7c, and summed 16:1 omega6c/16:1 omega7c, that differ significantly between these two species. A PCA model based on CFA profiles for E. sakazakii strains clearly shows separation of E. sakazakii from closely related Enterobacter and Citrobacter species. Analysis of FAMEs from E. sakazakii strains grown on BHI agar by a rapid GC-FID method can provide a sensitive procedure for the identification of this organism, and this analytical method provides a confirmatory procedure for the differentiation of E. sakazakii strains from closely related Enterobacter and Citrobacter species.