不同碎石含量及直径对土壤水分入渗过程的影响

由于成土原因或人类活动,一些土壤中含有不同含量及大小的碎石。碎石的存在改变了土壤的某些物理特性,入渗过程也因此受到影响。本研究采用定水头入渗试验装置,对7种不同碎石含量(0%,10%,20%,30%,40%,50%,60%)及4种不同碎石直径(0.2~0.5cm,0.5~1.0 cm,1.0~3.0 cm,3.0~4.0 cm)的土壤水分入渗过程进行室内研究,旨在分析碎石含量及直径对土壤入渗过程的影响及其原因,为土石混合介质的研究提供一些理论基础。     

Recovering decomposing plant residues from the particulate soil organic matter fraction: size versus density separation

 A detailed size separation of particulate organic matter (POM) from soils amended with straw from Hordeum vulgare or Vicia sativa revealed that the loss of C during the first 56 days of incubation mainly occurred from particles >2,000 μm, without a concomitant reduction in the size of these large particles. Preliminary studies of POM from non-amended soil had shown that the stable heavy (>1.4 g cm^–3) POM fraction was mainly (>80%) composed of particles <400 μm, whereas the light fraction was dominated by larger particles (>80%). Therefore we decided to compare the POM <1.4 g cm³ with POM >400 μm. There was a very close relationship between POM>400 μm and POM <1.4 g cm^–3 with regard to amounts of C and N, as well as the appearance of these fractions under the microscope. Similarly there was a close relationship between changes in the C content of the POM fractions and the CO₂ respired, and this was also the case when comparing changes in POM-N with net N mineralization. This indicated that the biological activity during decomposition was actually localized in the POM. Due to the lighter workload and lower expenditure for reagents in connection with size separation of POM, we recommend the size separation procedure in connection with studies of residue decomposition in arable systems. Received: 23 May 2000     

土壤颗粒尺寸分布分维及对粘附行为的影响

依据Tyler和Wheatcraft推导的土壤颗粒累积质量—尺寸标度关系,计算了我国主要土壤的颗粒尺寸分布(PSD)分维,结果表明:淡栗钙土、黄绵土、黑垆土、褐土((土娄)土)、潮土、灰漠土、黑土、黄棕壤、黄壤、红壤及赤红壤(砖红壤)的PSD分维依次增大,土壤粘粒含量增加使其PSD分维增大。结合上壤颗粒表面分形特性及土壤粘附的基本原理,探讨了土壤PSD分维对土壤—固体表面粘附行为的影响。PSD分维高的土壤与固体表面粘附力大,与固体表面发生明显粘附的起始含水量提高,发生明显粘附的含水量区间增宽。     

膨胀石墨颗粒对黑曲霉生长的影响

以-60~+100目和-100~+200目膨胀石墨为添加剂加入到PDA培养基中,观察对黑曲霉的作用,结果发现:在不同培养时间内,加入膨胀石墨的培养基中黑曲霉菌落直径均大于对照黑曲霉菌落直径,加入-100~+200目膨胀石墨的培养基黑曲霉菌落直径均略微小于+100目膨胀石墨,表明膨胀石墨对黑曲霉生长有促进作用,大尺寸膨胀石墨对黑曲霉的生长促进作用优于小尺寸膨胀石墨。     

Morphological analysis of viral communities in the floodwater of a Japanese paddy field

Capsid size distributions of viral communities in the floodwater of a Japanese paddy field under a long-term fertilizer trial were surveyed during the rice cultivation period by using transmission electron microscopy. The capsid size distributions were monophasic, and the median values fell within the range of 50-70 nm. The quartile intervals were narrow from either 40-50 nm or 50-60 nm to either 60-70 nm or 70-80 nm for most samples. There was no clear seasonal variation in the capsid size distribution of viral communities. The difference in size distributions among different fertilizer plots was also not found. Viral communities in the floodwater were predominated by isometric icosahedral forms. Viruses with octahedral capsids and elongated ones were rare and sporadic in the floodwater.     

不同纤度家蚕茧丝的显微结构差异

对 3个不同茧丝纤度蚕品种的茧丝表面及断面结构扫描电镜观察研究 ,发现不仅其纤度大小有极显著的差异 ,而且茧丝切口形态也有很大变化 ,并与生丝的物理性质测定结果相一致。     

WD618.44柴油机配气机构的动力和尺寸链计算

采用单自由度动力学模型,对WD618. 44柴油机原配气机构进行了动力学计算和尺寸链计算,深入分析了原机存在的问题,并提出了切实可行的改进方案。     

基于ERDAS的地表粗粒信息提取模块设计与客户化

为提高获取地表粗粒化信息的工作效率,确立了利用ERDAS IMAGINE从RGB三波段光学照片中提取颗粒大小信息的操作步骤(①图片格式转换→②图像裁剪→③粗粒化信息空间模型分类→④小图斑去除分析→⑤矢量化),并集成、开发了相应的客户化应用模块,简化了多文件相同算法处理时不断更改模型输入输出参数的繁琐操作,汉化、直观的模块界面使用方便,能有效地提高图像处理效率.本文举例介绍利用EML宏语言及Spatial Modeler定制客户化界面及实现模块功能的方法,希望能为ERDAS软件在土壤侵蚀、荒漠化监测领域的开发应用提供参考.     

Influence of Stem Diameter on the Survival and Growth of Containerized Norway Spruce Seedlings Attacked by Pine Weevils (Hylobius spp.)

Pine weevils (Hylobius spp.) feeding on stem bark of young conifer seedlings pose a serious threat to forest regeneration-planting programmes in Nordic countries. This study was designed to determine the threshold diameter for planted, untreated containerized seedlings, above which pine weevils cause little or no damage. The effects of sublethal weevil damage on seedling growth were also assessed. In total, 5320 containerized spruce seedlings were planted on scarified and unscarified plots on three sites in southern Sweden. Seedlings in six size classes, which differed with regard to age (1.5-3.5 yrs) and cultivation density (28-446 seedlings m 2) were grown using the Combicell system. None of the seedlings was treated with insecticides, except for those in the smallest class, where both untreated and treated seedlings were used. Inspections were made periodically during the first 3 yrs and after both 5 and 7 yrs. A statistically significant relationship was found between seedling losses due to pine weevil attack and seedling stem-base diameter at the time of planting out, on both scarified and unscarified plots. For seedlings with a stem-base diameter of around 10 mm, mortality due to pine weevil attack on scarified plots was low enough to be considered negligible. This threshold diameter was several millimetres greater for seedlings planted on unscarified plots. An analysis of the relationship between the extent of weevil damage and seedling growth rate showed that among surviving seedlings, those that grew fast tended to show low levels of damage. On unscarified plots, the mortality rate amongst seedlings treated once with a permethrin insecticide was only one-third that of untreated seedlings. On scarified plots, the corresponding difference was somewhat smaller. Repeated insecticide treatment resulted in a pronounced reduction in seedling mortality on the unscarified plots, whereas the effect was weaker on scarified plots.     

Stem Diameter Estimation from Aerial Photographs

Remote sensing techniques have proven successful for producing stem maps of forests in leaf-on condition from high-resolution imagery. This paper demonstrates how a mathematical model for the surface of a stem can be used to estimate the breast-height diameter of individual trees from aerial photographs to give information on basal area. The diameters are estimated by likelihood estimation from images of a forest in leaf-off condition where the stems and their shadows are visible. Applied to a homogeneous and monospecific oak ( Quercus robur L.) stand under standard silvicultural treatment in Denmark, the estimation was successful for 56 out of 60 trees. The root mean squared error on the diameter was 4.2 and 3.2 cm using three and five images, respectively. The key conclusion is that it is feasible to infer fairly accurate information about the diameters and three-dimensional positions of stems from aerial photographs.