应用种间杂交方法进行谷子抗除草剂育种的初步研究

野生青狗尾草与中国栽培谷子进行杂交,并用浸有氟特力溶液的小培养皿进行发芽试验,快速鉴别F2代的抗除草剂性能。抗性被隐性基因控制,但更确切的结果有待进一步试验。氟特力不同用药量的选择试验表明,对氟特力抗性与敏感不同的谷子品种在 0~2.4 L/hm2 的处理表现不同,抗型品种的抗性大约是敏感型抗性的5倍。为我们选育谷子抗性新品种提供了依据。     

地下滴灌系统施加氟乐灵的排根效应研究

通过小麦盆栽试验,研究向地下滴灌系统施加氟乐灵的排根效应。结果表明,地下滴灌不施药时滴头所在的竖直方向根密度较大,而施加少量氟乐灵后,滴头所在位置处根密度有不同程度降低,说明氟乐灵有抑制小麦根系向滴头附近生长的趋势。施药时间、施药浓度和施药量均对药物排根效应显著影响,其中施药时间为极显著。施药时间越晚,排根范围越小,出苗后50d施药的平均排根范围仅为3.03cm2;施药浓度越小,排根范围越小,浓度为1.5g/L及1.2g/L的排根范围接近,而浓度为0.9g/L的平均排根范围最小,为6.0cm2;施药量越小排根范围越小,施药量为0.023g/滴头的平均排根范围为8.37cm2。     

不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质在棉花对枯萎病抗性中的作用

分析了枯萎病菌侵染后棉花叶片和根茎部组织中不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质 (胞壁结合的简单酚、复杂酚聚合物及黄酮醇 )含量的变化。结果表明 ,抗病品种棉苗中不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质含量高于感病品种 ,同一品种内根茎部组织中含量较高 ;氟乐灵播前土壤处理可诱发棉苗产生对枯萎病的诱导抗性 ,同时也促进了棉苗组织中不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质的积累 ;枯萎病菌侵染后棉苗组织中不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质含量明显增加 ,抗病品种棉苗和经氟乐灵处理的棉苗受侵后不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质含量的增加分别大于感病品种棉苗和未经氟乐灵处理棉苗中的增加水平。这些结果说明 ,不溶性胞壁结合酚类物质在棉花对枯萎病的抗性及由氟乐灵诱发的诱导抗性中起作用     

花生中氟乐灵农药残留的优化气相色谱测定法

报道了采用气相色谱仪、电子捕获检测器测定花生中氟乐灵除草剂残留的分析方法。样品用甲醇浸渍提取,然后经二氯甲烷反萃取,浓缩后经弗罗里硅土柱层析净化。农药添加浓度分别为0.05、0.5、1mg/kg,回收率为75.6%～80.4%,最低检测浓度为2.21μg·kg-1。该方法能有效去除油脂干扰,高效准确,分离效果好,回收率高。     

混合农药对氟乐灵在固相表面光化学降解影响的研究

以高压汞灯和太阳光为光源,研究氟乐灵在玻片、硅胶G、石英砂和膨润土表面的光化学降解.结果表明,在高压汞灯下,氟乐灵在玻片、硅胶G、石英砂和膨润土表面的光解半衰期分别为24.78、98.51、106.41和220.42 min.将7种农药分别与氟乐灵在硅胶G中以1:1混合,经太阳光照射,混合农药对氟乐灵均表现光敏化作用;剂量比为10:1时,表现为光猝灭效应;而1:5时,溴氰菊酯和氟氰菊酯仍为光猝灭作用,其余5种农药则表现为光敏化作用.在石英砂表面,丙烯菊酯使氟乐灵光解半衰期延长,氰戊菊酯则使氟乐灵在膨润土表面光稳定性增强,照光18 h后,氟乐灵单独处理降解率为27.05%,而与氰戊菊酯共存时,氟乐灵仅降解了5.41%.     

Response of pinto and small red Mexican beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to preplant-incorporated herbicides

Four field trials were conducted over a 2 year period at Exeter (2005, 2006), Harrow (2006), and Ridgetown (2006), Ontario, Canada, to evaluate the tolerance of pinto and small red Mexican (SRM) beans to the preplant-incorporated (PPI) application of trifluralin, dimethenamid, S -metolachlor, KIH-485, imazethapyr, and flumetsulam. All the treatments, including the untreated control, were maintained weed-free during the growing season. The PPI application of trifluralin, dimethenamid, and S -metolachlor resulted in minimal transient visual injury, with no adverse effect on the plant height, shoot dry weight, seed moisture content, and yield of the pinto and SRM beans. The PPI application of imazethapyr and flumetsulam, especially at the high rate, initially caused 13% injury and reduced the plant height and shoot dry weight by 15 and 28%, respectively, but these injuries were transient and had no effect on the seed maturity and yield of the pinto and SRM beans. The PPI application of KIH-485 caused 80% injury to the pinto and SRM beans and reduced the plant height, shoot dry weight, and yield. The dry bean maturity was also delayed. Based on these results, trifluralin, dimethenamid, S -metolachlor, imazethapyr, and flumetsulam, applied as PPI herbicides, have the potential to be used in a weed management program for pinto and SRM beans. However, KIH-485, applied as a PPI herbicide at the doses evaluated, does not have an adequate margin of crop safety for use in pinto and SRM bean production in Ontario.     

Evaluation of herbicides for selective weed control in grafted watermelons

Grafted watermelon is a combination of two plants, aCucurbita rootstock and a watermelon scion. Therefore, weed control for this crop faces a unique problem: the safety of the selected herbicide has to be tested for both plants that make up the grafted plant. In the current study, we evaluated the usage safety of selected herbicides forCucurbita rootstocks as well as for non-grafted and grafted watermelons, and the control ofAmaranthus retroflexus by the same herbicides. In addition, the residual effect of the herbicides was tested for seeded and transplanted melons representing the next crop following cultivation of the grafted watermelons. The herbicides ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, ethalfluralin, sulfentrazone, oxyfluorfen, chlorsulfuron and clomazone were chosen for their potential to controlA. retroflexus. Pendimethalin and trifluralin were less effective than the other herbicides in controllingA. retroflexus; sulfentrazone, chlorsulfuron and clomazone were not safe for use on the tested cucurbits and thus cannot be recommended for weed control in grafted watermelons. Therefore, by eliminating the herbicides that are toxic to cucurbits and those that are ineffective forA. retroflexus control, it was concluded that the herbicides ethalfluralin and oxyfluorfen can be considered effective and safe for weed control in grafted watermelons. It was shown that trifluralin and oxyfluorfen have the potential to be applied effectively through the drip irrigation system. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 10, 2008.     

原位聚合法制备氟乐灵微囊悬浮剂及其防效测定

采用原位聚合法制备以脲醛树脂为壁材的氟乐灵微胶囊。探讨了不同乳化剂、搅拌速率、酸化速率、固化温度对氟乐灵微胶囊成囊的影响。结果表明,以98%氟乐灵原药为原料,与农乳500、1601、SMA按重量比率5:1.4:2.6:1混合,900 r/min搅拌,分散乳化30 min。氯化铵作酸性催化剂,逐步酸化3 h,终点pH2.0,逐渐升温至65℃固化90 min。在此条件下可制得分布较均匀、悬浮率为82%、包封率可达到96%的微胶囊。另外通过盆栽试验表明,10%氟乐灵的微囊悬浮剂与乳油对稗草防治的速效性相当,持效性前者明显见优。     

氟乐灵对淡水生物的毒性特征及水生生物基准研究

通过毒性试验,得出氟乐灵对15种代表性水生生物的毒性数据,分别采用目前国际上常用的三种基准推导方法,推导氟乐灵的水生生物基准值。结果显示：评价因子法、物种敏感度分布法和毒性百分数排序法得出的基准值分别为0.007 5、0.075、0.071 mg·L-1。评价因子法得出的基准值较低,原因在于该方法主要依赖敏感物种的毒性值推导基准值,有时会造成过保护。物种敏感度分布法和毒性百分数排序法得到的基准值比较接近,大于评价因子法得到的基准值,而且这两种方法基准值的推导都需要较多的水生生物毒性数据,得出的基准值可以保护绝大多数水生生物。研究得到的氟乐灵水生生物基准值将为农药水质标准的制订及农药水生生态风险评价提供科学依据。     

Mobility and persistence of four herbicides in soil of a South Australian vineyard

The use of persistent herbicides has increased the potential for contamination of soil, soil water and groundwater. The mobility, dissipation and fate of four herbicides, norflurazon, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen and trifluralin, used in South Australian viticulture, have been studied in a typical sand‐over‐clay vineyard soil. Following herbicide application at field rates to plots up‐slope of miniature lysimeters, surface soil and soil water were sampled regularly over the period of annual rainfall. The concentration of each herbicide in the soil cores, surface soil and soil water was determined by GLC‐NPD following solid‐phase concentration procedures where necessary. Oxadiazon dissipated more quickly than the other three herbicides in the soil. Norflurazon was the most mobile of these herbicides in this soil. However all four herbicides were found in the soil water within the first year, though only norflurazon was found in the soil water in the subsequent year. Norflurazon moved laterally to a greater extent than the other herbicides. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry