嫩江沙地不同土壤质地类型起沙风速的研究

文章研究将沙粒在风速达到沙粒的起动风速时沙粒的瞬间起动方式分为4种,即:滚动、跳跃、悬浮和飞扬4种。在嫩江沙地的3种典型土壤(沙质黏壤土、沙质壤土、风沙土)质地类型区域分别观测记录了沙粒在出现这4种情况时的瞬时风速值大小。经分析得出,在沙质黏壤土、沙质壤土和风沙土等3种土壤类型区域,若能将风速分别控制在6.3、6.4和7.2 m.s-1,即可有效防止风沙流的产生。     

灌木林对地表风况及空气动力学参数影响的野外调查研究——以丰宁满族自治县小坝子乡为例

通过野外实地调查和定位观测,系统研究了灌木林盖度和高度对地表风况及空气动力学参数的影响。结果表明:风速轮廓线受灌木林覆盖度和高度的影响显著;风蚀率随灌木林覆盖度的减少呈指数增加,灌木林高度对土壤风蚀影响相对较小。空气动力学粗糙度及零风速平面位移高度均与灌木林覆盖度之间呈幂函数关系。灌木林高度对空气动力学粗糙度的影响不明显。     

The Role of Mangroves in Retaining Penaeid Prawn Larvae in Klang Strait,Malaysia

The mangrove-fringed Klang Strait, Malaysia, retains approximately 65 billion penaeid prawn larvae annually prior to their settlement in coastal nursery grounds. This phenomenon appears to be due principally to tidal currents and lateral trapping in mangrove-fringed channels, the wind playing an insignificant role.     

广东江门地区雷林1号桉的自然更新与扩散

调查了雷林1号桉单株的扩散情况及雷林1号桉林缘在广东江门地区主要植被类型(杉木人工林、红花荷人工林和灌木丛)中的扩散情况,采用小样方法调查了雷林1号桉林下乡土乔木树种的自然更新情况.调查发现:15年生雷林1号桉单株在45°扇形样地单向扩散的最大距离为17.82 m,扩散苗最多22株,平均树高4.72 m;雷林1号桉不能扩散进入20年生杉木人工林,可以扩散进入红花荷幼林,但实生苗数量很少,还可以扩散进入地被物较少的灌木丛,且更新苗数量较多.分析表明:雷林1号桉在引种栽培地能自然更新;雷林1号桉种子落地接触土壤、光照充足是其更新的主要条件;有5种乡土树种能在雷林1号桉林下自然更新且正常生长,因此,目前雷林1号桉对乡土树种的自然更新没有影响.     

Pollen dispersal in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seed orchard detected using a chloroplast DNA marker

Pollen dispersal was estimated in two test plots in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seed orchard using a chloroplast DNA marker, the spacer region between thetrnD andtrnY genes, and SSCP (single strand conformation polymorphism). In Plot 1, 2,020 seeds from 40 trees within 30 m of the marker tree were analyzed using the PCR-SSCP method. In Plot 2, 1,850 seeds from 37 trees were analyzed in the same manner. The results revealed that the maximum pollen dispersal distance in the two plots exceeded 25 m. Pollen dispersal appeared to be inversely proportional to the distance from the marker tree. The effective pollen dispersal was suggested to be less than about 20 m in a mature hinoki seed orchard. Adjacent trees had an excessive influence when the pollen density was increased by artificial flower stimulation. Therefore, it was suggested that seed production better resembles ideal random mating when carried out as naturally as possible. In conclusion, the SSCP chloroplast DNA marker was a useful tool for amassing basic information on pollen management in seed orchards of coniferous species.     

Acorn dispersal and predation patterns of four tree species by wood mice in abandoned cut-over land

We compared patterns of acorn dispersal and predation by wood mice among four tree species (Quercus serrata, Quercus crispula, Castanea crenata, and Juglans mandshurica var. sieboldiana) that are abundant in cool temperate woodlands. We devised an acorn dispersal experiment using 400 magnet-inserted acorns and a magnetic locator in a 1.8-ha study plot, which spanned a cut-over area and an adjacent deciduous forest. Ten wire mesh baskets, each containing 40 acorns (10 acorns per species), were placed on the border between these two habitat types. About 13.0% (n = 52) of the total acorns remained in the baskets, while 77.3% (n = 309) were dispersed throughout the study plot and subsequently retrieved using the magnetic locator. Microhabitat, distance, and burial depth of transported acorns were significantly different among species. In the cut-over area, J. mandshurica var. sieboldiana acorns were dispersed under fallen trees or branches and near stumps, and were buried deeply in the soil. Dispersal distances of J. mandshurica var. sieboldiana acorns were significantly greater than those of Q. serrata acorns. The number and microhabitat of transported acorns significantly differed between habitat types. J. mandshurica var. sieboldiana acorns were dispersed in the cut-over area rather than in the forest. For all four species, the numbers of acorns delivered to fallen trees or branches, stumps, and crumbled soil with overhang under any vegetation type were greater in the cut-over area than in the forest.     

Fossil history and modern distribution of the genus Abies (Pinaceae)

The plants of the genus Abies are dominant and key species in the dark coniferous forest in the Northern Hemisphere. There are 52 species, one subspecies and 12 varieties in the genus Abies in the world. The history and modern distribution of Abies were discussed. The genus has three modern distribution centers: South Europe, North America and East Asia. These areas are also rich in fossil records. The vertical distribution regions of Abies are from sea level to an elevation of 4,700 m, concentrated in 1,000–2,000 m (15 species). In China, the genus distributes in 20 provinces, especially abundant in the Hengduan Mountains. Meanwhile, endemic and relic phenomena are obvious in this genus. There are seven relic species with both limited individuals and limited distributed regions. Based on the fossil records and the latest phylogenetic data, the following hypothesis was proposed: Abies originated from the middle and high altitudes of the Northern Hemisphere in the middle Cretaceous and it was dispersed southward in the Eocene due to global climate cooling down. The distribution of Abies was deeply influenced by geological events such as the uplift of Himalaya, the Alps, the Rocky Mountains, the occurrence of the Asian Monsoon as well as the Quaternary glaciers. Finally, the current distribution pattern appeared in the Quaternary. The genus Abies has a fossil history and modern distribution pattern similar to that of Cathaya and Pseudolarix. __________ Translated from Acta Botanica Yunnanica, 2006, 28(5): 439–452 [译自: 云南植物研究]     

金佛山方竹和毛金竹单个繁殖体的种群扩散效应

竹类植物种群扩散效应是生态学界关注的热点之一。本文在黔中地区,采用单一繁殖体同地种植方法,持续10年观察了金佛山方竹和毛金竹的种群扩散效应,对比了二者的差异性。结果表明,随着栽植时间的增长,2个竹种的繁殖生长呈现如下变化：1)年出笋日数及出笋最远距离逐年增加,毛金竹的相应值较高,竹种间出笋日数的年分布曲线差异极显著;2)年出笋量、竹笋平均地径及最大地径逐年增加,竹笋密度呈“快速增加—快速降低—平缓稳定”变化态势,除金佛山方竹的竹笋密度较高外、毛金竹的其他指标较高,竹种间出笋量及竹笋密度的年分布曲线差异极显著;3)年新竹数量、平均地径、竹高及胸径处节间长度、以及竹鞭粗度和竹秆基部第1节环竹根数量值逐年增加,成竹率呈“缓慢降低—平缓稳定”变化态势,新竹密度呈“快速增加—快速降低—平缓稳定”变化态势,除金佛山方竹的新竹密度较高外,毛金竹的其他指标较高,竹种间成竹率差异显著、胸径处节间长度及竹秆基部第1节环竹根数量值差异极显著,新竹数量及密度、平均高度及胸径处节间长度、成竹率及竹秆基部根数量的年分布曲线差异极显著;4)平均竹笋质量和出笋时间的负相关极显著,相应值的种间差异显著,毛金竹平均竹笋质量较高。总体而言,毛金竹的种群扩散效应优于金佛山方竹。     

水稻CSC11介导干热风/干旱诱导的钙信号调控雄蕊发育

【目的】水稻花期偶遇干热风/干旱,导致脆弱的生殖细胞快速失水,极大地降低产量,这一过程中钙离子作为通用的第二信使传导了干旱或其他逆境信号,但背后的分子机制尚不清楚。分析钙离子透过性胁迫反应阳离子通道家族（calcium-permeable stress-responsive cation channels,CSCs）基因的生理和分子功能,为研究作物干热风的感应机制提供新的理论基础和思路。【方法】采用电生理学和遗传学方法,利用双电极电压钳技术在水稻中鉴定得到一个具有典型特征的受体类-钙通道蛋白,名为OsCSC11,对其蛋白序列进行生物信息学和进化关系分析。运用qRT-PCR和GUS报告基因活性分析确认OsCSC11的表达模式,在拟南芥原生质体细胞和洋葱表皮细胞中瞬时表达OsCSC11-GFP融合蛋白,验证OsCSC11的亚细胞定位;同时利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术获得OsCSC11的突变体,并通过细胞学等手段分析突变体表型和相关生理功能。【结果】蛋白序列比对发现,OsCSC11具有CSCs家族成员典型的保守结构域DUF221,但与其他成员序列差异大,存在不同于其他成员的特异结构域（motif）属于独立的亚家族。OsCSC11主要在水稻的花药和叶片中表达,进一步分析发现全长OsCSC11处于静息状态,可被高渗透溶液激活;但是删除N端156氨基酸（TM1-3）之后的OsCSC11^ΔTM1-3具有组成型的通道活性,特异选择钙、镁二价阳离子;推测TM1-3是这类通道的受体结构域,感应干热风胁迫,而OsCSC11^ΔTM1-3区域负责钙信号产生。OsCSC11和OsCSC11^ΔTM1-3均定位在细胞质膜上,与其干热风的受体功能相适应。与野生型相比,功能缺失突变体oscsc11-1和oscsc11-2的雄蕊较小、花药表面蹙皱,整体多呈弯曲状态,花粉含水量较低,败育率高达60%—70%。【结论】OsCSC11是水稻感应短期干热风/干旱刺激、介导钙离子内流,调控花药水分状态和花粉发育的受体类钙通道,可能参与了水稻雄蕊应对干热风的原初感应过程。     

Analysis of static structural mechanics of vertical axis wind turbine with lift-drag combined starting structures

In this paper the finite element analysis was carried out for a composite vertical axis wind turbine with lift-drag combined starting structures to ensure the structure safety of a vertical axis wind turbine(VAWT). The static and modal analysis of rotor of a composite vertical axis wind turbine was conducted by using ANSYS software. The relevant contour sketch of stress and deformation was obtained. The analysis was made for static structural mechanics, modal analysis of rotor and the total deformation and vibration profile to evaluate the influence on the working capability of the rotor. The analysis results showed that the various structure parameters lie in the safety range of structural mechanics as given in the relative standards. The analysis showed the design safe to operate the rotor of a vertical axis wind turbine. The methods used in this study can be used as a good reference for the structural mechanics′ analysis of VAWTs.